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    Piano
    The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instrumentsof the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries-- the spinet, the dulcimer, andthe virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, andtheharpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, asupremacy they maintained until the pianosupplantedthem at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone wasmetallic and never powerful;nevertheless, because of thevariety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord asympatheticinstrument for intimate chamber music.The harpsichord with its bright, vigoroustone was the favorite instrumentfor supporting the bassof the small orchestra of the period and for concert use, but the character ofthe tonecould not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices.
Thepiano was perfected in the earlyeighteenth century by a harpsichord makerin Italy(though musicologists pointoutseveral previous instances ofthe instrument). This instrument was called a piano e forte(soft and loud), toindicate its dynamic versatility;its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. Thewires were much heavier in the earlierinstruments. A series of mechanical improvementscontinuing well into the nineteenth century,including the introduction of pedals tosustain tone or to soften it, theperfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality,finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the mostdelicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp,percussive brilliance.
    全文翻译：钢琴
    钢琴的家系可以追溯至 15 至 16 世纪早期的键盘乐器，包括小型拨弦琴、洋琴和维金娜 琴。 17 世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员。 这种至高无上的地位 一直为它们所保持，直到 18 世纪末期钢琴将它们取代。
    敲弦古钢琴的音调有金属的音质， 缺乏雄劲。 然而由于它的音调变化多，许多作曲家发现对于亲切的室内乐是一种得体的乐 器。
    人们最喜欢用具备明快有力音调的拨弦古钢琴来配合当时小型管弦乐团的低音乐器以 及在演奏会上演奏。 但它的音调难以变化，除非使用机械或构件装置。18世纪早期的意大 利，钢琴在一位拨琴钢琴制造者手中得到完善(尽管音乐理论家们指出有更早的例子)。 这 种乐器被称为 piano eforte (意大利语，柔和而响亮的)，以显示它有力的多样性。 演奏者用 一个头部带皮毡的弹击乐锤敲击琴弦。 更早的这种乐器之上的金属丝要重得多。 从此，持 续到 19 世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架， 以及使用最佳性能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器。 这些效果涵盖了从 最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱的音调到尖锐的打击乐器的清晰 动人的恢宏气势。