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    A Rare Fossil Record
    The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in thefossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletonsare usually scattered byscavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can befossilized.
Ichthyosaurshad ahigher chance of being preservedthan did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, theytended to live inenvironments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilizationrequired a suite of factors: a slow rate ofdecayof soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swiftcurrents and waves to jumble and carry awaysmall bones, andfairly rapid burial. Given these factors,some areas have become a treasury of well-preservedichthyosaurfossils.
Thedeposits at Holzmaden, Germany, presentan interesting case for analysis. Theichthyosaur remains are found inblack, bituminous marine shales depositedabout 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimensofmarine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from theserocks. The quality of preservation isoutstanding, but what is evenmore impressive is the numberof ichthyosaur fossils containingpreserved embryos.
Ichthyosaurswith embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a smallarea around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used bylarge numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos arequiteadvanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, arealready well formed. One specimen iseven preserved in the birth canal. Inaddition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20and 30 inches long.
Why are thereso many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they areso rare elsewhere? The quality ofpreservation is almost unmatchedand quarry operations have been carried out carefullywith an awareness of thevalue of the fossils. But thesefactors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to besuch aconcentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place veryclose to their time of giving birth.
    全文翻译：
    罕见的化石记录 胚胎与幼体被保存下来在化石记录中是少见的事情。微小纤细的骨骼 通常在石化前就被食腐肉的动物拆散了，或者被风化作用破坏掉了。 鱼龙比起陆地的动物 有更大的几率被保存下来，因为它们作为海洋动物常生活在腐蚀性较小的环境中。 但是它 们的石化需要一系列因素：软组织的腐烂速度缓慢，很少被其他动物残食，缺少混杂、冲走 小骨头的快速水流和波浪，以及相当快地被掩埋。 当这些因素存在时，某些地区就会变成 一个充满保存完好的鱼龙化石的宝库。在德国获尔兹梅登，那儿的沉积物给人们提出了一个 有趣的分析案例。
    人们在黑色的、含沥青的海洋页岩中发现了约 19，000 年前沉积下来的 鱼龙化石。几年时间内，在这些岩石中取得了数以千计的海洋爬行动物、鱼类以及无脊椎 动物的标本。 它们的保存质量非常的好，但更令人称奇的是保存下来的育有胚胎的鱼龙化 石数目。 在获尔兹梅登附近一个小地区的六个不同的页岩层中分别发现了育有胚胎的鱼龙 化石。 这表明大量的鱼龙经年累月重复使用一个特定的地点。 那些胚胎已经发育得相当完 整了。 比如，它们的蹼桨已经完全形成了。
    有一个标本甚至被保存在产道中。 而且，那 块页岩包含着很多在 20 到 30 英寸之间的新生幼体的化石。为什么在其他地方那么稀少的怀孕雌兽和幼体在获尔兹梅登却那么多呢? 因为其保存质量几乎举世无双，采集工作的进行一 直是一丝不苟的。大家都认识到这些化石的价值极其珍贵，但这些因素并不能解释这个有 趣的问题： 为什么在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群呢?