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2018翻译硕士考研交流群 348327375
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以下是中公考研英语研究院为大家整理的“2014年四川外国语大学翻译硕士英语真题”，以供广大考生参考，希望对你们有所帮助。
2014年四川外国语大学全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试试题
翻译硕士英语
I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the appropriate words derived from the words given in parentheses at the end of the sentences. (10%)
1. The front army troops were _________ by a large contingent of students from the military academy. (strength)
2. I was looking forward to a casual stroll, but he walked at a _________ pace. (vigor)
3. A _________ of cultures or ideas occurs when two very different cultures or people meet and conflict. (collide)
4. The _________ purpose of scientific discourse is not the mere presentation of information and thought, but rather its actual communication. (fundament)
5. _________ today’s digital revolution serves a host of practical concerns, such as communicating and accessing information more quickly and efficiently. (admit)
6. _________ With the aim of eliminating any possible _________ , we suggest some changes of wording to clarify the status of the unofficial advice. (ambiguous)
7. I tried to see it, _________ the invisible and immeasurable energy of mass of an atom, a cell, a person; I could almost see it. (vision)
8. Some pearls have a(n) _________ shape, but they are shiny and beautiful none the less. (regular)
9. In the movies and comic books Wolverine almost comes out as _________ , like Superman. (destruct)
10. During the past two decades, dozens of investigators throughout the world have asked several hundred thousand _________ sampled people to reflect on their happiness and satisfaction with life or what psychologists call “subjective wellbeing.” (represent)
II. For each sentence below there are four choices A, B, C, and D. Choose the answer that BEST completes the sentence. Then write the correct letter on the Answer Sheet. (20%)
11. When traveling in a foreign country, it is wise to _________ to the habits of the natives.
A. yield B. conform
C. submit D. turn
12. Even with the _________ of the Internet and 24-hour news, it is still a complex enterprise to get people to truly see the problems of racial discrimination.
A. advent B. adventure
C. access D. accession
13. We should critically _________ whatever is beneficial in literature and arts from western countries.
A. accommodate B. assimilate
C. assort D. associate
14. Many drug the doctor can give you have harmful side effects, and considering a natural _________ is often a better and popular option.
A. option B. choice
C. alternative D. selection
15. Because he wore a queer collection of clothes and talked to himself, hisneighbours considered him _________ .
A. ecstatic B. electronic
C. eccentric D. eclectic
16. In its own right, the royal highland show is the largest trade exhibition of agricultural _________ in the UK.
A. machine B. mechanics
C. mechanism D. machinery
17. The aim of their revolution is to leave scientists free to continue research, _________ by any regulation.
A. restrained B. deputed
C. controlled D. unfettered
18. The European Commission spokesman Gooch said at a press conference that after the European Commission has officially notified the WTO, “The EU can feel free to impose _________ tariffs on US products.”
A. relinquish B. retaliatory
C. revolutionary D. retribution
19. The charter-school movement in the United States developed in the 1990s as a reaction to the _________ failure of public schools, especially in the inner cities.
A. perceived B. received
C. conceived D. deceived
20. This novel won critical praise while _________ a storm of controversy with its candid and raw descriptions of adolescent lust.
A. stirring B. activating
C. triggering D. teasing
21. Unlike Keynesianism, monetarism eschews direct government control by means of taxation and spending _________ imposing limits on the nation’s money supply.
A. with regard to B. for the sake of
C. in favor of D. to extent of
22. He _________ in court that he had seen the prisoner run out of the bank after it had been robbed.
A. justified B. witnessed
C. testified D. identified
23. If we can find approaches that meet the needs of the poor in ways that generate profits for business and votes for politicians, we will have found a _________ way to reduce inequity in the world.
A. sustainable B. susceptible
C. supposable D. suspensible
24. Scholars come to the agreement that the Malthusian catastrophe has already occurred in isolated cultures that had no means of _________ resources.
A. refining B. refreshing
C. rejoicing D. replenishing
25. Cocaine’s effects on the heart have _________ gone unnoticed, because patients often lie about heir use of drug.
A. largely B. purposefully
C. strangely D. effortlessly
26. He possessed a(n) _________ intelligence that put him in company with the greatest social thinkers of the day.
A. frivolous B. reliable
C. uncanny D. underlying
27. A form of biological pest control is to include various plants in a garden or field that are known naturally to _________ parasitic pests that are known to bring disease and destruction.
A. deter B. defer
C. demur D. debut
28. Pottery enabled primitive people to boil and steam food, which in turn allowed them to gain _________ from new and more varied sources.
A. sustenance B. subsidiary
C. substance D. supplement
29. The right side of the body is controlled by the more influential left hemisphere of human brain, causing the right side to be more _________ at physical tasks.
A. skillful B. proficient
C. expert D. adept
30. Advances in food preservation gave consumers in developed countries access to _________ all foods grown in distant lands.
A. extensively B. virtually
C. artificially D. continually
III. Reading Comprehension (40%)
Reading Passage1
Questions 31 -40 are based on the following reading passage.
A. 1.Feminist theatre is a genre that came to be widely recognized, theorized, studied and practiced in the wake of the seventies’ Women’s Liberation Movement;2.it has generally been understood as de scribing and encompassing diverse theatrical work motivated by the recognition of and resistance to women’s marginalization within social and cultural systems that accord male privilege and dominance.3.Observing this, however, it is important to remember that historically women have “acted” out their resistance to mainstream, male-dominated theatre cultures, and that, since the seventies, feminist-theatre scholarship has looked to recover the works and performances of neglected pioneering, women-in-theatre figures.4.For instance, such scholarship has served to uncover the dramatic texts of the tenth-century, plays by Restoration women playwrights and dramas by Edwardian women concerned with suffrage and the Woman Question.
B. 5.In the seventies, recognition that women’s cultural, social, sexual, economic and political lives had been oppressed by male domination was what fueled a climate of Western feminism.6.Women came together in consciousness-raising groups to share their personal discontents and political dissat isfactions.7.The inequalities of the workplace, the education system, the “institution” of motherhood and the objectification of women’s bodies were common grievances that served to shape the four po litical demands of the UK’s Women’s Liberation Movement; for equal pay, equal education and op portunity,24-hour nurseries and free contraception and abortion on demand.
C. 8.As a profession, theatre was a microcosm of the discrimination and inequalities operating in society at large.9.In 1981, feminist playwright and critic, Michelene Wandor, published an analysis of theatre and sexual politics that made explicit women’s second-class, “understudy” status in a male-dominated theatre industry.10.The lived, professional experience of being consigned to the role of understudy is what, in turn, encouraged women practitioners to found their own feminist-theatre groups.11.Monstrous Regiment, along with the Women’s Theatre Group (both companies were founded in the mid-seventies), were seminal to the innovation of a feminist-theatre tradition and to creating a counter-cultural body of women’s plays and performances.12.Many more groups were to follow in their wake such as Clapperclaws (1977) and Mrs.Worthington’s Daughters (1979).13.These companies played not only small-scale touring venues but were networked into women’s communities that hosted shows in non-theatre spaces, such as schools, community halls or youth clubs.14.Both organizationally and creatively they operated democratically and collaboratively, rather than hierarchically and individualistically. Ensemble-based acting and presentational styles were widely adopted.
D. 15.With the outcrop of feminist groups came more opportunities for women playwrights, and by the mid to late seventies, Caryl Churchill, Pam Gems, and Louise Page were moving dramatic representations of women’s lives and experiences center-stage---this as a counter-cultural challenge and alternative to the “malestream”, canonical tradition of theatre.16.Thereafter, women dramatists coming to prominence in the eighties included Sarah Daniels, April De Angelis, Winsome Pinnock and Timberlake Wertenbaker.17.As testimony to the emergence of a body of Women’s playwriting, much of which was influenced by Second Wave feminism, in 1982 Methuen Drama launched the Plays By Women series.18.The first of four plays to be published in volume one of the series was Caryl Churchill’s Vinegar Tom: a play about witchcraft without any witches; a play where scenes locate in the seventeenth century, but songs intersperse and break up the action to insist that women’s oppression is not consigned to the historical past but is an urgent contemporary issue.19.Stylistically innovative and politically charged and premered by Monstrous Regiment, Vinegar Tom along with other “women’s” plays by Churchill such as Cloud Nine or Top Girls, proved seminal to defining a feminist landscape in British theatre and were highly influential in terms of studying and theorizing feminist theatre, aesthetically and politically.
[E]20.Feminist theatre and performance that emerged from the Second Wave largely came to be defined, understood and analyzed in relation to three types of feminism: bourgeois/liberal, radical/cultural and socialist/materialist.21.Listed in that order, the three feminism were hierarchically conceived, with bourgeois/liberal feminism posited as the politically “weakest” given that it neither endorsed radical/cultural feminism’s desire to overthrow patriarchy in favor of women’s social, cultural and sexual empowerment, nor advocated the radical transformation of society’s economic, political and social structures as socialist/materialist feminism did.22.Each feminist dynamic also had its aesthetic counterpart: bourgeois/liberal feminism remained attached to conventional realistic forms, but sought to create more roles for women within the confines of traditional dramatic writing; radical/cultural feminism became associated with and explored ideas and possibilities of a “women’s language”; techniques and performance registers.
[F]23.However, the media backlash against feminism in the eighties, the widely promoted “top-girl Feminism” (as critiqued by Churchill in her play), and thereafter the individualistically styled “girl power” of the nineties and a younger, feminist Third Wave challenging the politics and values of Second Wave feminism, have all combined to make feminist theatre that much harder to generically define and identify.24.Resistant voices in the nineties, such as Rebecca Pilchard and Judy Upton, picked up the complex feminist baton by dramatizing disenchanted and disadvantaged communities of young women.25.The iconoclast Sarah Kane, while distancing herself from the Second-wave feminist tradition (notably by her rejection of the “woman” writer label), nonetheless reinvigrated structures of feminist feeling through her representations of gender wars and diseased masculinities, notably in her controversial debut play, Blasted.
[G]26.As a growing number of younger “women” playwrights make their debuts on contemporary British stages, it becomes increasingly clear that their diverse subject---the financial crash of the American energy company Enron (Prebble, Enron), middle-class girls in trouble, challenge the gaze of the feminist critic that formerly looked to drama explicitly taking and playing the disenfranchised “woman’s part.”27.Indeed, in the theatre of Debbie Tucker Green, arguably one of the most exciting political voices to emerge on the British stage in the twenty-first century, feminism itself comes under scrutiny as, in her signature style of beautiful but brutal, black urban-speak, in plays such as Trade and Stoning Mary, Green interrogates the inability of women to achieve solidarity across social, cultural, economic and racial divides within a larger, epic landscape of a white Western world that singularly fails to care for disempowered “others.”
[H]28.In sum, feminist futures and the future of feminist theatre appear far less certain than in the defining moment of seventies activism and political theatre making.29.Yet, as “women” playwrights and practitioners dramatize epic questions of social injustices and inequalities in an increasingly globalized world, or evidence concern for what part feminism can play in terms of staging socially progressive, transformative possibilities and solutions, enduring questions of gender privilege and bias that formerly fueled the genre, surface as constant and significant reminders of the unfinished business of feminist theatre.
Questions 31 -35
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? On your Answer Sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVERN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
31. Feminist theatre described and encompassed diverse theatrical work which was motivated by the recognition of and resistance to women’s marginalization.
32. Before the seventies, there were some pioneering, women-in-theatre figures who create immor tal works to fight against mainstream, male-dominated theatre cultures, but they and their ef forts were neglected.
33. In the seventies, a climate of Western feminism appeared because women began to realize their lower position in cultural, social, sexual, economic and political lives.
34. In the seventies, women practitioners founded their own feminist-theatre groups to express their dissatisfaction of being consigned to the role of understudy in the profession of theatre.
35. In total, four waves of feminism have been mentioned in the passage.
Questions 36---40
For each question below, choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
36. Which of the following seems to be the most appropriate title for the passage?
A. Feminist Theatre: History and Future
B. Feminist Theatre: Famous Feminist-Theatre Groups
C. Feminist Playwrights and Their Eminent Works
D. Feminist and Its Influence on Theatre
37. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Caryl Churchill?
A. Together with other women playwrights, she moved dramatic representations of women’s lives and experiences center-stage.
B. Her Vinegar Tom was one of the four plays of the Plays By Women series.
C. All of her plays were highly influential in terms of studying and theorizing feminist theatre, aesthetically and politically.
D. She criticized the widely promoted “top-girl feminism” in her play.
38. Among the three types of feminism related to the Second Wave, bourgeois/liberal feminism was considered as the politically “weakest” because__________.
A. it did endorse radical/cultural feminism’s desire to overthrow patriarchy in favor of women
B. unlike socialist/materialist feminism, it did not advocate the radical transformation of society’s economic, political and social structures
C. it remained attached to conventional realistic forms, but sought to create more roles for women within the confines of traditional dramatic writing
D. both A and B
39. Which of the following is NOT true about the feminist theatre in the nineties?
A. The individualistically styled “girl power” made feminist theatre much harder to generically define and identify.
B. Despite the backlash against feminism from the media, women dramatists came to prominence.
C. Resistant voices dramatized disenchanted and disadvantaged communities of your women.
D. Rebecca Prichard and Judy Upton continued to support feminist theatre movement.
40. Which of the following about feminist playwrights is NOT true?
A. They dramatize the epic questions of social injustices and inequalities women have been facing.
B. They reflected on women’s second-class and “understudy” status in a male-dominated theater industry.
C. When younger “women” playwrights make their debuts on contemporary British stages, they brought with them diverse subjects.
D. Restoration women playwrights formed a collectively recognized force long before the seventies scholarship “rediscovered” them.
Reading Passage 2
Questions 41-45 are based on the following reading passage.
A. 1.If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, we should go in darkness happily, the midnight world as visible to us as it is to the vast number of nocturnal species on this planet.2.Instead, we are diurnal creatures, with eyes adapted to living in the sun’s light.3.This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings any more than we think of ourselves as primates or mammals or Earthlings.4.Yet it’s the only way to explain what we’ve done to the night: We’ve engineered it to receive us by filling it with light.
B. 5.This kind of engineering is no different than damming a river.6.Its benefits come with consequences---called light pollution---whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study.7.Light pollution---the artificial light that illuminates more than its intended target area---has become a problem of increasing concern across the country over the past 15 years.8.In the suburbs, where over-lit shopping mall parking lots are the norm, only 200 of the Milky Way’s 2,500 stars are visible on a clear night.9.Even fewer can be seen from large cities.10.In almost every town, big and small, street lights beam just as much light up and out as they do down, illuminating much more than just the street.11.Almost 50 percent of the light emanating from street lamps misses its intended target, and billboards, shopping centers, private homes and skyscrapers are similarly over-illuminated.
C. 12.For most of human history, the phrase “light pollution” would have made no sense.13.Imagine walking toward London on a moonlit night around 1800, when it was Earth’s most populous city.14.Nearly a million people lived there, making do, as they always had, with candles and rush lights and torches and lanterns.15.Only a few houses were lit by gas, and there would be no public gaslights in the streets or squares for another seven years.16.From a few miles away, you would have been as likely to smell London as to see its dim collective glow.
D. 17.Now most of humanity lives under intersecting domes of reflected, refracted light, of scattering rays from overlit cities and suburbs, from light-flooded highways and factories.18.Nearly all of nighttime Europe is a nebula of light, as is most of the United States and all of Japan.19.In the south Atlantic the glow from a single fishing fleet---squid fishermen luring their prey with metal halide lamps---can be seen from space, burning brighter, in fact, than Buenos Aires or Rio de Janeiro.20.America has become so bright that in a satellite image of the United States at night, the outline of the country is visible from its lights alone.21.The major cities are all there in bright clusters: New York, Boston, Miami, Houston, Los Angeles, Seattle, Chicago---and, of course, Las Vegas.22.Mark Adams, superintendent of the Mc Donald Observatory in west Texas, says that the very fact that city lights are visible from on high is proof of their wastefulness.23. “When you’re up in an airplane, all that light you see on the ground from the city is wasted.24.It’s going up into the night sky. That’s why you can see it.”
[E] 25. But don’t we need all those lights to ensure our safety? 26.The answer from light engineers, light pollution control advocates and astronomers is an emphatic “no.” Elizabeth Alvarez of the International Dark Sky Association (IDA), a nonprofit organization in Tucson, Arizona, says that overly bright security lights can actually force neighbors to close the shutters, which means that if any criminal activity does occur on the street, no one will see it.27.And the old assumption that bright lights deter crime appears to have been a false one: A new Department of Justice report concludes that there is no documented correlation between the level of lighting and the level of crime in an area.28.And contrary to popular belief, more crimes occur in broad day light than at night.
[F]29.Light pollution is largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky, where it’s not wanted, instead of focusing it downward, where it is.30.Ill-designed lighting washes out the darkness of night and radically alters the light levels and light rhythms to which many forms of life, including ourselves, have adapted.31.Wherever human light spills into the natural world, some aspect of life migration, reproduction, feeding is affected.32.For drivers, light can actually create a safety hazard.33.Glaring lights can temporarily blind drivers, increasing the likelihood of an accident.34.To help prevent such accidents, some cities and states prohibit the use of lights that impair nighttime vision.35.For instance, New Hampshire law forbids the use of “any light along a highway so positioned as to blind or dazzle the vision of travelers on the adjacent highway.”
[G]36.Badly designed lighting can pose a threat to wildlife as well as people. Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet, a process being studied by researchers such as Travis Longcore and Catherine Rich, co-founders of the Los Angeles-based Urban Wildlands Group.37.The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being “captured” by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms, circling and circling in the thousands until they drop.38.Migrating at night, birds are apt to collide with brightly lit tall buildings; immature birds on their first journey suffer disproportionately.39.Insects, of course, cluster around streetlights, and feeding at those insect clusters is now ingrained in the lives of many bat species.40.In some Swiss valleys the European lesser horseshoe bat began to vanish after streetlights were installed, perhaps because those valleys were suddenly filled with light-feeding pipistrelle bats.41.Other nocturnal mammals---including desert rodents, fruit bats, opossums, and badgers---forage more cautiously under the permanent full moon of light pollution because they’ve become easier targets for predators.
[H]42.Some birds---blackbirds and nightingales, among others---sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light.43.Scientists have determined that long artificial days---and artificially short nights---induce early breeding in a wide range of birds.44.And because a longer day allows for longer feeding, it can also affect migration schedules.45.One population of Bewick’s swans wintering in England put on fat more rapidly than usual, priming them to begin their Siberian migration early.46.The problem, of course, is that migration, like most other aspects of bird behavior, is a precisely timed biological behavior.47.Leaving early may mean arriving too soon for nesting conditions to be right.
[I] 48. So what can be done? Tucson, Arizona, is taking back the night.49.The city has one of the best lighting ordinances in the country, and, not coincidentally, the highest concentration of observatories in the world.50.Kitt Peak National Optical Astronomy Observatory has 24 telescopes aimed skyward around the city’s perimeter, and its cadre of astronomers needs a dark sky to work with.51.For a while, that darkness was threatened.52. “We were totally losing the night sky,” Jim Singleton of Tucson’s Lighting Committee told Tulsa, Oklahoma’s KOTV last March. 53.Now, after retrofitting inefficient mercury lighting with low-sodium lights that block light from “trespassing” into unwanted areas like bedroom windows, and by doing away with some unnecessary lights altogether, the city is softly glowing rather than brightly beaming.54.The same thing is happening in a handful of other states, including Texas, which just passed a light pollution bill last summer.55. “Astronomers can get what they need at the same time that citizens get what they need: safety, security and good visibility at night,” says Mcdonald Observatory’s Mark Adams, who provided testimony at the hearings for the bill.
[J]56.And in the long run, everyone benefits from reduced energy costs.57.Wasted energy from inefficient lighting costs us between $1 and $2 billion a year, according to IDA.58.The city of San Diego, which installed new, high-efficiency street lights after passing a light pollution law in 1985, now saves about $3 million a year in energy costs.59.Legislation isn’t the only answer to light pollution problems.60.Brian Greer, Central Ohio representative for the Ohio Light Pollution Advisory Council, says that education is just as important, if not more so. “There are some special situations where regulation is the only fix,” he says. “But the vast majority of bad lighting is simply the result of not knowing any better.”61.Simple actions like replacing old bulbs and fixtures with more efficient and better-designed ones can make a big difference in preserving the might sky.
Questions 41-46
The reading passage has ten paragraphs A-J. Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-F from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i Introduction
ii People at Risk from Bright Lights
iii Illuminating Space on Earth
iv Meaninglessness of the Term “Light Pollution” in History
v Solution to Light Pollution
vi Relationship between Lights and Security
vii Legislation on Light Control
viii The Environmental Dangers
ix More Light than Is Necessary
x A Problem Lights Do not Solve
xi Light Permeation in Human Life
xii Negative Effects on Wild Animals
Example: Paragraph A (i)
41. Paragraph B ( )
42. Paragraph C ( )
43. Paragraph D ( )
44. Paragraph E ( )
45. Paragraph F ( )
46. Paragraph G ( )
Questions 47---51
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2? On your Answer Sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
47. Because of too much light satellite can easily take a picture to show the outline of the United States at night.
48. Prolonged daytime will increase the time of breeding on birds so as to delay their migration schedule.
49. One group of scientists find their observations are made more difficult by bright lights.
50. Many countries are now making light pollution illegal.
51. Old types of light often cause more pollution than more modern ones.
Questions 52-55
Complete the following sentences. For each blank use ONE OR TWO WORDS from the passage.
52. Now most people live in __________ cities where the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars, leaving behind a vacant haze.
53. According to a recent study, well-lit streets do not __________ or make neighbourhoods safer to live in.
54. Efficient lights __________ from going into areas where it is not needed.
55. In dealing with light pollution __________ is at least as important as passing new laws.
Reading Passage 3
Questions 56-70 are based on the following reading passage.
A. 1.Though many distinct cultures are prevalent around the world today, those that are the most dominant have origins in one of a few areas called “culture hearths.”2.These are the heartlands of various cultures and historically, there are seven main locations from which the most dominant cultural ideas have spread.3.The seven original culture hearths are: 1) The Nile River Valley, 2) The Indus River Valley, 3) The Wei-Huang Valley, 4) The Ganges River Valley, 5) Mesopotamia, 6) Mesoamerica, and 7) West Africa.4. These regions are considered culture hearths because such things as religion, the use of iron tools and weapons, highly organize social structures, and the development agriculture started and spread from these areas.5.In terms of religion for example, the area around Mecca is considered the culture hearth for the Islamic religion and the area from which Muslims initially traveled to convert people to Islam.6.The spread of tools, social structures, and agriculture spread in a similar manner from the culture hearths.
B. 7.Also important to the development of early culture centers are culture regions. These are areas that contain dominant cultural elements.8.Though not everyone in the culture region has the same culture traits, they are often influenced by it in some way.9.Within this system, there are four components of influence: 1) the Core, 2) the Domain, 3) the Sphere, and 4) the Outlier.10.The Core is the heart of the area and shows the most strongly expressed culture traits.11.It is usually the most heavily populated and, in the case of religion, features the most famous religious landmarks.12.The Domain surrounds the Core and though it has its own cultural values, it is still strongly influenced by the Core.13.The Sphere then surrounds the Domain and the Outlier surrounds the Sphere.
C. 14.Cultural diffusion is the term used to describe the spread of cultural ideas from the Core (in the case of culture regions) and the culture hearth.15.Cultural diffusion was first used by Franz Boas (1858-1942), a German geographer and physicist. From his archaeological fieldwork in the American Northwest, Boas decided that the two concepts of diffusion and modification explained many cultural phenomena, such as how Native American culture and religion was affected by their location and proximity to other cultures.16.Alfred L. Kroeber, Boas’s student and the co-founder of Berkeley’s anthropology department in 1901, came up with the term and would later popularize it within a larger academic circle.
D. 17.Theories that involve the concept of cultural diffusion often stir up controversy in anthropological circles. This is because they often contradict theories on mass migration.18.This opposition between cultural diffusion and mass migration can be found in theories regarding similar human burial sites involving the skulls of cave bears around the Arctic Circle on the continents of North America, Europe, and Asia.19.Nevertheless, many anthropologists prefer to consider theories based on cultural diffusion, or the borrowing of traits between cultures, as they commonly describe it.20.Scholars of cultural diffusion, including J. P. Mallory and Clark Wissler, developed distinctions between theories of cultural diffusion.21.Heliocentric diffusion proposes that all cultures originated from a single civilization.22.Anthropologist Peter J. Hugill proposed the theory of evolutionary diffusion when a specific innovation coincides across all cultures, to explain how an idea or innovation has somehow happened simultaneously in multiple cultures.
[E]23. Throughout human and pre-human history, cultures have never been or remained completely isolated from each other.24.Even in the isolationist culture of feudal Japan, the religious philosophy of Buddhism was able to spread from India and China, where it originated by traveling monks.25.This is an example of how cultural diffusion can take place on a grand scale.26.This type of cultural diffusion happens today. When considering cultural diffusion, there are three major forms.
[F]27.The first is called direct diffusion and occurs when two distinct cultures are very close together.28.Over time, direct contact between the two leads to an intermingling of the cultures.29.Historically this occurred through trade, intermarriage, and sometimes warfare became members of the various cultures interacted with each other for long periods.30.An example today would be the similar interest in soccer in some areas of the United States and Mexico.
[G]31.Forced diffusion or expansion diffusion is the second method of cultural diffusion and takes place when one culture defeats another and forces its beliefs and customs onto the conquered people.32An example here would be when the Spanish took over lands in the Americas and later forced the original inhabitants to convert to Roman Catholicism in the 16th and 17th Centuries. 33.The term ethnocentrism is often applied to forced diffusion because it refers to the idea of looking at the world only from one’s own cultural vantage point.34.As a result, people participating in this form of diffusion often believe that their cultural beliefs are superior to those of other groups and in turn force their ideas upon those they conquer.35.In addition, cultural imperialism is usually placed into the category of forced diffusion as it is the practice of actively promoting cultural characteristics such as language, food, religion, etc., of one nation in another.36.This practice is normally within forced diffusion because it frequently occurs through military or economic force.
[H]37. The final form of cultural diffusion is indirect diffusion. This type happens when cultural ideas are spread through a middleman or even another culture.38.An example here would be the popularity of Italian food throughout North America.39.Technology, mass media, and the Internet are both playing a huge role in promoting this type of cultural diffusion around the world today.40.Another example would be when an African receive a Mickey Mouse T-shirt from a visitor and wears it even though he was never been to Disneyland.
[I]41.Because cultures develop over time, new dominant areas of dominant culture have done so as well.42.Today’s modern culture hearths are places such as the United States and world cities like London and Tokyo.43.Areas such as these are considered modern culture hearths because of the prevalence of their cultural aspects now present throughout much of the world.44.Take for instance the popularity of sushi in Los Angeles, California and Vancouver, British Columbia or the presence of Starbucks in places like France, Germany, Moscow, and even in China’s Forbidden City.
[J]45.Direct diffusion has certainly played a role in this new spread of cultural values and products, and people are now moving around frequently because of today’s ease of travel.46.Physical barriers such as mountain ranges also no longer hinder people’s movement and the resultant spread of cultural ideas.47.It is indirect diffusion though which has had the largest impact on the spread of ideas from places like the United States to the rest of the world.48.The Internet and advertising through the many forms of mass media have allowed people worldwide to see what is popular in the U.S. and as a result, blue jeans and Coca-Cola products can be found even in remote Himalayan villages.
[K]49. However cultural diffusion occurs now or in the future, it has happened many times throughout history and will continue to do so as new areas grow in power and pass on their cultural traits to the world.50.The ease of travel and modern technology will only aid in speeding up the process of modern cultural diffusion.
Questions 56-62
Summarize the information about cultural diffusion as discussion as discussed in the passage. Complete the table below by matching the appropriate statements to the three forms of cultural diffusion with which they are associated. TWO of the statements will NOT be used.
Direct DiffusionForced DiffusionIndirect Diffusion
56.( )
57.( )59.( )61.( )
58.( )60.( )62.( )
Statements
A. A native African may spend holidays in Disneyland.
B. Indians were compelled to adopt the English language.
C. People in two cultures are interested in the same sport.
D. This occurs when cultures are situated close enough to interact.
E. The Buddhist ideas spread from India to Japan in early period.
F. This occurs when Americans enslaved Africans.
G. This occurs when an artifact or item moves through an intermediary.
H. Skulls of cave bears were found near the Arctic Circle.
I. Starbucks can be found in many places outside America.
Questions 63-67
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? On your Answer Sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVERN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
63. Cultural diffusion theories suffer from being inherently speculative and hard to prove or disprove.
64. In ancient times, direct diffusion was very common since groups of humans lived in adjoining settlements.
65. The forced diffusion has ethnocentric qualities, suggesting, say, that “European-style societies” were more advanced and innovative than other “primitive” societies.
66. New culture hearths are now established in some countries because of their prevalence of economic aspects throughout much of the world.
67. Today because of mass media and the invention of the Internet, indirect diffusion is the most common form.
Questions 68-70
For each question below, choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
68. A region can be considered a culture hearth because of all these things EXCEPT__________.
A. geographical location
B. religious influence
C. agricultural development
D. social structure
69. Why is it difficult to define theories about cultural diffusion?
A. Cultural diffusion theories are related to similar human burial sites.
B.Cultural diffusion theories are at odds with mass migration theories.
C. Cultural diffusion should be based on the borrowing of traits between cultures.
D. Cultural diffusion theories cannot explain simultaneous emergence of multiple cultures.
70. According to this passage which of the following statements can NOT describe cultural diffusion?
A. Attempts to explain similarities between two cultures by diffusion are often criticized for being ethnocentric.
B. Languages, technologies and cultural differences that are common in one particular region are considered indigenous to that region.
C. Cultural diffusion occurs without being linked to a mass exodus of people.
D. When those cultural characteristics spread throughout the world to create cultural diversity, cultural diffusion comes into being.
IV. WRITING (30%)
Directions：You are to write an essay titled “Should people Retire Later?” according to the following situation:
Recently the huge deficit in the pension fund in China has aroused great public concern. Research shows that although the legal retirement age in China is 60 for men and 55 for most women, many employees of State-owned enterprises have been allowed to retire in their 40s or 50s to make openings for new graduates and others. Besides, the mandatory retirement age in China is 51.2 years, 10 years younger than that of many countries. Some experts therefore suggest that we raise the mandatory retirement age. What do you think of their suggestion?
Requirements: Write an essay of about 400 words to expound clearly your viewpoint on this topic. You need to supply a title for your essay.
In the first part of your writing you should present your viewpoint in a well-formulated thesis statement; in the second part, you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details; in the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a comment.
Marks will be awarded for content, organization, syntactic variety, proper length, and appropriate word choice. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in the loss of marks. Remember to produce a clean fair copy.
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发表于 2017-7-26 17:49:14