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发表于 2016-8-16 00:30:39
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Part B
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words "anthropos": "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a fieldstudy oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered firsthand, combined with a crosscultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. (64) Tylor defined culture as"...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.
(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
各时期各地区的人们都思考各自的世界,并想知道自己在其中的位置。人类善于思考,又善于创造,拥有永不满足的好奇心。此外,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而使所有其他形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的想法和想象。因而,以一种冷静而系统的方式研究人类的丰富性和多样化非常重要,希望研究的结果不仅能够让人类之间更和睦地相处,同时也能让人类与地球上其他形式的生命更加和谐地共存。
"人类学"这个词来源于希腊语anthropos(人类)和logos(研究)。就名字而言,人类学包含了对整个人类的研究。
人类学是社会科学的一部分。社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
社会学学科包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学。每个学科中都有一个分支或专业与人类学联系紧密。
所有社会科学都以研究人类为核心。人类学是一个重视实地考察的学科,在研究中大量使用对比分析法。强调搜集第一手资料,加上分析过去和现在的文化形态时采用跨文化视角,使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
人类学分析十分倚重文化概念。爱德华·泰勒爵士对文化概念的阐述是19世纪伟大的科学成就之一。泰勒把文化定义为"......一个复合整体,它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯。"这种见解简单而深刻,开创了一种认识和理解人类生活的全新方法,泰勒的定义中隐含的一个概念是文化是可以通过学习获得的,可共享的,模式化的行为。
因此,人类学中"文化"的概念就像数学中"集"的概念一样,是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
61. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
[结构分析]
Furthermore, humans have the ability / to modify the environment / in which they live, / thus subjecting all other life forms / to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
这是一个复合句。furthermore副词作状语修饰整个句子;human have the ability是主句,to modify the environment是不定式作定语修饰名词 the ability;in which...引导的非限制性定语从句修饰名词the environment;thus subjecting ...to...现在分词结构作结果状语。
[词义推敲]
modify the environment 改变环境
subject...to... 使服从、从属于; 在......的影响之下
peculiar (个人或团体)特有的,独具的;独特的
fancy 想象; 想象力; 幻想
[翻译润色]
Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境
...thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 从而是让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
[参考译文]
而且,人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境,从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
[结构分析]
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors // in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner // that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
这是一个复合句。Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry 是主句;which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner 是定语从句修饰名词intellectual enquiry;that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena 是定语从句修饰名词manner。
[词义推敲]
seek to 力图
study humans and their endeavors 研究人类及人类的行为
intellectual enquiry 知识探索
dispassioned 不带感情的,客观的
[翻译润色]
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支
which seeks to study humans and their endeavors 它力图研究人类及人类的行为
in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner 用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式
that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 自然科学家用于研究自然现象
[参考译文]
社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样,用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
63. The emphasis on data gathered firsthand, combined with a crosscultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
[结构分析]
The emphasis on data gathered firsthand,// combined with a crosscultural perspective // brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,/ makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
这是一个复合句。The emphasis on data gathered firsthand makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.是主句,其中,过去分词短语gathered firsthand作定语修饰名词data;过去分词短语combined with a crosscultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present作插入语补充说明前文的主语The emphasis on data gathered firsthand。在该插入语中,过去分词短语brought to the analysis of cultures past and present作后置定语修饰名词perspective。
[词义推敲]
gathered firsthand第一手收集的
combined with加上;和......一起
bring to the analysis of 分析
crosscultural perspective 跨文化的视角
[翻译润色]
The emphasis on data gathered firsthand makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.强调收集第一手资料使得这一门研究成为一门独特的并且非常重要的社会科学..., combined with a cross cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, 加上以在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角
[参考译文]
强调收集第一手资料,加之以在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用的跨文化视角,使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
64. Tylor defined culture as"...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
[结构分析]
Tylor defined culture / as"...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
这是一个简单句。Tylor defined culture as...that complex whole 是主干。引号里面的部分是宾语,具体是作as的宾语,本句结构为define sth. as ... which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits 是定语从句,修饰complex whole。过去分词短语acquired by man as a member of society作定语,修饰前文并列的名词belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits。
[词义推敲]
define定义
include包括
acquire by通过......而获得
[翻译润色]
Tylor defined culture as"...that complex whole..." 泰勒把文化定义为一个复合整体
which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits 它包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯
acquired by man as a member of society 人作为社会成员所获得的
[参考译文]
泰勒把文化定义为"......一个复合整体,它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯"。
65. Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
[结构分析]
Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture," / like the concept of "set" in mathematics,/ is an abstract concept // which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
这是一个复合句。Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture" is an abstract concept 是主句。定语从句which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding修饰名词concept;短语like the concept of "set" in mathematics是插入语,用来补充说明the anthropological concept of "culture"。
[词义推敲]
abstract concept 抽象概念
make possible....使......成为可能
anthropological 人类学的,人类学上的
immense 极广大的,无边的
concrete 具体的,实在的
[翻译润色]
Tylor defined culture as"...that complex whole..." 泰勒把文化定义为一个复合整体
which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits 它包括信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯
acquired by man as a member of society 人作为社会成员所获得的
[参考译文]
因此,人类学中"文化"概念就像数学中"集"的概念一样,是一个抽象概念,它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
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