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2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解(6)

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发表于 2016-8-15 21:48:48 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
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For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called "Ask Marilyn." People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100)as, What's the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
订阅收藏《2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解》系列文章
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children's version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article "How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?", Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions, but under high stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.
26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligent test?
[A] Answering philosophical questions.
[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
[C] Telling the difference between certain concepts.
[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant's because
[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
[C] vos Savant's case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that
[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one's ability.
[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.
[D] traditional test are out of date.
30. What is the author's attitude towards IQ test?
[A] Supportive.
[B] Skeptical.
[C] Impartial.
[D] Biased.
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发表于 2016-8-15 22:43:46 | 显示全部楼层
核心词汇:
analogy n.类似,相似,类比,类推(ana一样+log说话+y名词后缀→说的一样→类比)
capture vt.赢得;夺取;引起(注意)并吸引住(capt拿,抓,握住+ure→抓住毛病→挑剔的)
coincidence n.占同一位置;巧合,凑巧(co共同+in内+cid落下,降临+ence名词后缀→巧合)
component n.某事物的组成部分; 成分; 零部件(com共同+pon放置+ent名词后缀→共同的放到一起→组成的)
deduce vt.(from)演绎,推断,推论(de向下+duce引→向下引→推论)
elude v.躲避;使......困惑(e出+lude→出去玩→为了躲出去)
encompass v.包围,环绕(en进入+compass范围→进入范围→包围)
envisage v.想象,设想,展望,正视(en使+vis看+age名词后缀,这里用作动词后缀);
envisionn.想象
feature n.面貌; 容貌 ;特征; 特色; 特点v.给......以显著地位; 由(某人)主演;扮演主要角色(feat做,制作+ure名词后缀→做事的状态→做事特征)
fold v.折叠;合拢;抱住n.褶,褶痕;羊栏;信徒
matter n.物质,物体;毛病,麻烦;事情v.有关系,要紧
multiply v.(by)乘,使相乘;倍增,增加,繁殖(multi+ply表动词→变多→乘)
numerical a.数字的,用数字表示的,数值的(numer数+ical形容词后缀→数字的)
pattern n.模式,式样;图案,图样v.仿制,模仿
peer n.同辈,同等地位的人;贵族v.凝视
populate v.构成......的人口;居住于;生活于;
populationn.全体居民, 人口
predict v.预言,预测,预告(pre预先+dict说话,断言→预言);
predictable a.可预言[报]的;
predictability n.预报;预测
query n.问题;质询vt.怀疑;对(某人)进行提问(quer寻求,询问+y名词后缀→质疑)
sequence n.先后,次序;连续,数列(sequ+ence名词后缀→跟随→连续)
skip vi.略过,跳过n.跳跃vt.故意忽略;略过
suit v.合适,适合;相配,适应n.一套西服;诉讼
supplement n.补遗;增刊;附录v.增刊,补充(sup在下面,次要+ple+ment名词后缀→增加些次要的→增补)
testify v.作证,证明;表明,说明;宣布(test测试,证据+ify动词后缀→用证据证明);
testimony n.证据,证词;表明,说明
variation n.变化,变动;变种,变异(vari+ation名词后缀)
verbal a.用言辞的,用文字的;口头的;动词的
version n.版本;译本,译文;说法(vers+ion名词后缀→从原文转出来→译文)
visualize vt.形成思维图像;设想;使可见vi.形成思维图像(visual视力+ize动词后缀→使看到→具体化)
visual a.看的,看得见的;视觉的(vis+ual形容词后缀)
难句剖析:
难句1
It's not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
[分析] 此句主干是"It's not obvious...",其中It是形式主语,how the capacity...suits one to answer questions...是真正的主语,不定结构to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns 作capacity的定语,that引导的定语从句that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers作questions的定语。
[译文]设想物体、判断数字类型的能力如何使一个人能够回答难倒了一些最杰出的诗人和哲学家的问题,这种关系并不明显。
难句2
In his article "How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?", Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.
[分析]此句主干是"...Sternberg notes that..." ,that引导的宾语从句的主干是traditional tests bestassess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge,句末的components...作creativity and practical knowledge的同位语,说明它们的作用,形容词结构critical to problem solving and life success后置作components的定语。
[译文]在其名为《智商测试有多智能》这篇文章中,斯顿伯格指出,传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力,但没有测量创造力和实践能力,这些也是解决问题、在生活中取得成功的关键因素。
难句3
Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under lowstress conditions, but under high stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is, it predicted the opposite.
[分析]此句主干是"Research has found that...",found之后的that引导的宾语从句的主干是IQ predicted leadership skills when...,but under...IQ was negatively correlated with leadership,句末破折号之后的部分对前面but之后的部分进行解释。
[译文]研究发现,如果在低压力状况下进行智商测试,那么这种测试就可以预测领导才能,但是,在高压力状况下,智商测试所得的结果与领导才能的关系则为负相关,也就是说,它预测的结果与事实是相反的。
难句4
Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.
[分析]此句是一个复合句,开始是主句:anyone...will testify that...,其中定语从句who has toiled through SAT作anyone的定语,宾语从句testtaking skill also matters作testify的宾语;whether引导一个让步状语从句whether it's knowing...or...。
[译文]任何经历过学术水平测验考试的人都会认为,应试技巧也很重要,无论是知道何时应该进行推测还是知道应该忽略什么题目。
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发表于 2016-8-15 23:42:01 | 显示全部楼层
文章类型:人文科学--心理学--智商测验
文章围绕智商测验展开论述,分析其含义与历史,并指出其不足。
试题解析:
26. 在智力测试中可能需要下面哪项?
[A]回答哲学问题。
[B]把纸张折叠或者剪切成不同的形状。
[C]区分某些观念。
[D]选择与所给的单词或图表类似的单词或图表。
判断题【正确答案】【D】
文章第一段指出,进行智商测试时,你要做的题目有词语类比、图形类比、想象一张纸张被折叠、剪切后的形状,演绎数字序列,以及其他类似的项目。因此[D]为正确选项。
27. 从第三段可以推知智力测试的什么信息?
[A]人们再也不会把智商分数看成是智力的指标。
[B]如今,因特网上可以得到更多类型的智商测试。
[C]对成人和孩子进行测试的内容和形式可能不同。
[D]科学家已经详细说明了人类智力的重要因素。
推理题【正确答案】【C】
文章第三段指出,智商测试主要表现为两种形式,也就是斯坦福-比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表,这两种都有成人和儿童测试类型。由此可知,对成人和儿童的测试内容可能不相同。因此[C]为正确选项。
28. 如今,人们再也不能得到像沃斯·萨文特那样的高智商分数了,因为
[A]分数是通过不同的计算程序获得的。
[B]现在强调的是创造力而不是分析能力。
[C]沃斯·萨文特是一个不会再现的极端例子。
[D]智商测试的定义性特征发生了变化。
细节事实题【正确答案】【A】
文章第三段指出,得到像沃斯·萨文特这样的超高分数再也不可能了,因为现在的分数依据的是相同年龄者的统计学群体分布状况,而不是简单地将智力年龄除以生理年龄在乘以100。这说明,原因是现在的计算方法与以前不同。因此[A]为正确选项。
29. 根据最后一段,我们可以得出结论
[A]测试分数可能不是一个人能力的可靠指标。
[B]智商分数与学术能力检测的结果密切相关。
[C]测试涉及到许多臆测。
[D]传统的测试过时了。
推理题【正确答案】【A】
文章最后一段指出,有专家认为,标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素,随后解释了这种观点,指出,传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力,但没有测量创造力和实践能力。而且,一旦统计对象和或环境发生变化,智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确。这说明,智商测试不可能真实反映一个人的能力。因此选择[A]项。
30. 作者对智商测试的态度如何?
[A]支持的。
[B]怀疑的。
[C]公正的。
[D]有偏见的。
态度题【正确答案】 【B】
本题考查考生对全文内容的理解。作者在文中使用了"有点困惑"、"但没有测量创造性和实际知识,这些也是解决问题、在生活中取得成功的关键因素"以及"它预测的结果是相反的"等词句,说明作者对智商测试持怀疑态度。因此选择[B]项。
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发表于 2016-8-15 23:57:13 | 显示全部楼层
全文精译:
过去几年,《星期日报》的增刊《检阅》开设了一个名叫"询问玛丽琳"的专栏。人们被邀请去询问玛丽琳·沃斯·萨文特--她在10岁时测试的智力水平达到别人23岁时的水平,这使得她的智商高达228(是有记录的最高水平)。进行智商测试时,你要做的题目有词语类比,图形类比,想象一张纸张被折叠,剪切后的形状,演绎数字序列,以及其他类似的项目。所以,当沃斯·萨文特面对普通人(其智商为100)提出的像"爱与喜欢之间的区别是什么?"或者"运气与巧合的本质是什么?"这样的问题时,她感到有点困惑。设想物体,判断数字类型的能力如何使一个人能够回答难倒了一些最杰出的诗人和哲学家的问题,这种关系并不明显。
第一段:通过叙述《星期日报》某增刊所展示的专栏"询问玛丽琳"来引出本文的话题。
很明显,智力包含的不只是一次测试所得的分数。而聪明意味着什么?有多少智力可以界定?我们能够从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学以及其他领域了解多少智力?
第二段:指出智商不只是根据一次测试的分数。
即使人们并不像以前那样经常进行智商测试,确定一个人的智力似乎还是靠智商测试的结果。智商测试主要表现为两种形式:斯坦福-比奈智力量表和韦克斯勒智力量表(两种都有成人和儿童测试类型)。由于这些测试一般要花费几百美元,所以通常只有心理学家才进行这些测试,尽管这些测试的变体在书店和万维网上也随处可见。得到像沃斯·萨文特这样的超高分数再也不可能了,因为现在的分数依据的是相同年龄者的统计学群体分布状况,而不是简单地将智力年龄除以生理年龄在乘以100。其他标准化测试,比如学术水平测验考试以及研究生入学考试,其实也包含了智商测试的主要方面。
第三段:点明人类智商的一个重要参考仍是IQ测试分数,尽管IQ测试不再频繁;而由于计分方式改变,像萨文特这样的超级IQ高分不再可能。
罗博特·J·斯顿伯格认为,这样的标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素。在其名为《智商测试有多智能》这篇文章中,斯顿伯格指出,传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力,但没有测量创造力和实践能力,这些也是解决问题、在生活中取得成功的关键因素。而且,一旦统计对象和或环境发生变化,智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确。研究发现,如果在低压力状况下进行智商测试,那么这种测试就可以预测领导才能,但是,在高压力状况下,智商测试所得的结果与领导才能的关系则为负相关,也就是说,它预测的结果与事实是相反的。任何经历过学术水平测验考试的人都会认为,应试技巧也很重要,无论是知道何时应该进行推测还是知道应该忽略什么题目。
第四段:通过引用专家罗博特·J·斯顿伯格的观点,作者对IQ测试提出了质疑:IQ测试并非在任何情况下都完全可信。
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