1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
1995年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案PartⅠ
SectionA:
1.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed_____.
A.hadproducedB.havebeenproducedC.wouldhaveproducedD.hadbeenproduced
2.Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofgettingcancerthan___inthepublicmindtoday.
A.existsB.existC.existingD.existed
3.Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgrounds_____hisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.
A.whichtobaseonB.onwhichtobaseC.tobaseonwhichD.whichtobebasedon
4.________canhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.
A.EverybodyB.AnybodyC.SomebodyD.Nobody
5.Howmanyofus___,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?
A.attendedB.AttendingC.toattendD.haveattended
6.Hydrogenisthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse____itprovideshebuildingblocsfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.
A.sothatB.butthatC.inthatD.providedthat
7.Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyle____inapersonalone.
A.ratherthanB.OtherthanC.betterthanD.lessthan
8.______isgenerallyaccepted,economicalgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.
A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As
9.Itisbelievedthattoday'spopmusiccanserveasacreativeforce____stimulatingthethinkingofitslisteners.
A.byB.withC.atD.on
10.Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,_____theatmosphere.
A.asitisB.thesameasC.soisD.andsois
SectionB(改错):
ll.TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflectingnotsomuchaleisurelylifestyleasa
AB
busylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimearetoovaluabletobewasted.
CD
12.Indebatingonemustconecttheopponent'sfacts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordeny
A
thatwhathepresentsasproof,unlessrelevant,issufficient.
BCD
13.Wearenotconsciousoftheextentofwhichprovidesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcan
ABC
makethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.
D
14.ThePortuguesegiveagreatdealofcredittoonemanforhavingpromotedseatravel,that
ABC
manwasPrinceHenrythenavigator,wholivedinthe15thcentury.
D
15.Accountsofscientificexperimentsaregenerallycorrectforthosewriteaboutscienceare
ABC
carefulincheckingtheaccuracyoftheirreports.
D
16.wheneverwehearofanaturaldisaster,eveninadistantpartoftheworld,wefeelsympathy
ABC
forthepeopletohaveaffected.
D
17.Itisperhapsnotanexaggerationtosaythatweshallsoonbetrustingourhealth,wealth
AB
andhappinesstoelementswithwhomverynamesthegeneralpublicareunfamiliar.
CD
18.Thespeakerclaimedthatnoothermodernnationdevotessosmallaportionofitswealthto
AB
publicassistanceandhealththantheUnitedStatesdoes.
CD
19.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefence-linkedresearchprojects
A
willaccountforanimprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,todomuchtoprotect
BC
ourdiminishingresources.
D
20.Ifindividualsareawakendeachtimeastheybeginadreamphaseofsleep,theyarelikelyto
AB
becomeirritableeventhoughtheirtotalamountofsleephasbeensufficient.
CD
SectionC:
21.Inthatcountry,gueststendtofeeltheyarenothighly___iftheinvitationtoadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.
A.admiredB.regardedC.expectedD.worshipped
22.A_____ofthelongreportbythebudgetcommittedwassubmittedtothemayorforapproval.
A.shorthandB.schemeC.scheduleD.sketch
23.Amanhastomake____forhisoldagebyputtingasideenoughmoneytoliveonwhenold.
A.supplyB.assuranceC.provisionD.adjustment
24.Thenewly-builtScienceBuildingseems_____enoughtolastahundredyears.
A.spaciousB.sophisticatedC.substantialD.steady
25.Itiswell-knownthattheretiredworkersinourcountryare___freemedicalcare.
A.entitledtoB.involvedinC.associatedwithD.assignedto
26.Thefarmersweremoreanxiousforrainthanthepeopleinthecitybecausetheyhadmoreat____.
A.dangerB.stakeC.lossD.threat
27.Ifelt____todeathbecauseIcouldmakenothingofthechairman'sspeech.
A.fatiguedB.tiredC.exhaustedD.bored
28.Whentheenginewouldntostart,themechanicinspectedallthepartstofindwhatwasat___.
A.wrongB.troubleC.faultD.difficulty
29.Youradvicewouldbe____valuabletohim,whoisatpresentathiswit'send.
A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD.exclusively
30.Hefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowhehasto_____theconsequences.
A.answerforB.runintoC.abidebyD.stepinto
31.Theriverisalready_____itsbansbecauseofexcessiverainfall;andthecityisthreatenedwithalikelyflood.
A.paralleltoB.levelinC.flatonD.flushwith
32.People_____thatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.
A.convincedB.anticipatedC.resolvedD.assured
33.Inspiteofthewiderangeofreadingmaterialspeciallywrittenor_____forlanguagelearningpurposes,thereisyetnocomprehensivesystematicprogrammedforthereadingskills.
A.adaptedB.acknowledgedC.assembledD.appointed
34.Themothersaidshewould____hersonwashingthedishedIfhecouldfinishhisassignmentbeforesupper.
A.letdownB.letaloneC.letoffD.letout
35.Weshouldalwayskeepinmindthat_____decisionsoftenleadtobitterregrets.
A.urgentB.hastyC.instantD.prompt
36.Johncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages____inthedictionary.
A.missingB.losingCdroppingD.leaking
37.Inthepast,mostforestershavebeenmen,buttoday,thenumberofwomen____thisfieldisclimbing.
A.engagingB.devotingC.registeringD.pursuing
38.Thesupervisordidn'thavetimesofartogointoit_____,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.
A.athandB.inturnC.inconclusionD.atlength
39.Theirdemandforapayraisehasnottheslightest____ofbeingmet.
A.prospectB.predictionC.prosperityD.permission
40.It'susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina_____waywheninafuriousstate.
A.stableB.rationalC.legalD.credible
PartTwo:
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.41kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis42toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore43.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese44forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations45ofnon-REMsleep.
Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep46is1OOpercentfataltorats,yet,47exanlinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow48themysteryofwhytheaninlalsdie.Therats49bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,50theirimmunesystems--theself-protectingmechanismagainstdisease--hadcrashed.
41.(A)Either(B)Ndther(C)Eachtn)Any
42.(A)intended(B)required(C)assumed(D)inferred
43.(A)subtle(B)obvious(C)mysterious(D)doubtful
44.(A)maintained(B)described(C)settled(D)afforded
45.(A)inthelight(B)byvirtue(C)withtheexception(D)forthepurpose
46.(A)reduction(B)destruction(C)deprivation(D)restriction
47.(A)upon(B)by(C)through(D)with
48.(A)paidattentionto(B)caughtsightoftc)laidemphasison(D)castlighton
49.(A)develop(B)produce(c)stimulate(D)induce
50.(A)if(B)asif(C)onlyif(D)ifonly
PartⅢReadingComprehensinn
Passagel
MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistribotionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.
Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevaluein
theproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgov-
ernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.
AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.
ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevision
personalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.
Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation-andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive----advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.
51.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat__.
(A)heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertising
(B)everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming
(C)advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelse
(D)itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising
52.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?
(A)Securinggreaterfame.(C)Enhancinglivingstandards.
(B)Providingmorejobs.(D)Reducingnewspapercost.
53.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis_.
(A)verypreciseinpassinghisjudgementonadvertising
(B)interestedinnothingbutthebuyers'attention
(C)correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation
(D)obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising
54.Intheauthor'sopinton,__.
(A)advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyproviding
(B)advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover
(C)thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer
(D)thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvenisement
Passage2
Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage-alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.
Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditsetf,butrathertheattitudesandfeellingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourge,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.
Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay"fail"atfirst.Howweseeour-selvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabititytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe'reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.DowethiQkwe'reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe'renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.
Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.
55.Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowththen__.
(A)hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit
(B)hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork
(C)heiskeenonleaminganythingnew
(D)hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney
56.Intheauthor'seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould__.
(A)succeedinclimbingupthesocialladder
(B)judgehisabilitytoglowfromhisownachievements
(C)facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges
(D)aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime
57.Whentheauthorsays"anewwayofbeing"(line3,para.3)heisreferringto__.
(A)anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld(C)anewmethodofperceivingourselves
(B)anewwayoftakingrisks(D)anewsystemofadaptationtochange
58.Forpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingexcept_.
(A)curiosityaboutmorechances(C)open-mindednesstonewexperiences
(B)promptnessinself-adaptation(D)avoidanceofintemalfearsanddoubts
Passage3
Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife'sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptareqaestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.
Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarⅡ.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.
Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.
Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparttcipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.
Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinfomtatianisofgreatestimportance.
Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed."Knowledgeispower"maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.
59.Theword"it"(line3,para.2)mostprobablyrefersto__.
(A)thelackofstablecommunities
(B)thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels
(C)theincreasedmobilityoffamilies
(D)thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace
60.Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesformthefactthat__.
(A)theyhavetolearnnewthingsconsciously
(B)theylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthyinformation
(C)theyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformattonreadily
(D)theycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedfamily.
61.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat__.
(A)electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingmessages
(B)itwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationera
(C)peoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsorconferences
(D)eventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsatellites
62.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat__.
(A)itisnecessarytoobtainasmuch
(B)peopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformation
(C)weshoutdrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformation.
(D)itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationefficiently
Passage4
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent--A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.
OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe'winatallcosts'moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveAtypesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:'Rejoice,weconquer!'
Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.
Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallA-youngsterschangeintoB's.TheworldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild'spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.
Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B'sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.
63.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually__.
(A)impatient(B)considerate(C)aggressive(D)agreeable
64.Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschooisbecause__.
(A)thepressureistoogreatonthestudents
(B)somestudentsareboundtofail
(C)failureratesaretoohigh
(D)theresultsofexarninationsaredoubtful
65.Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsarecurrentiybasedon__.
(A)candidates'sensitivity(C)competitivespirit
(B)academicacbievements(D)surervalues
66.Fromthepassagewecandrawtheoonclusionthat__.
(A)thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth
(B)familyinnuencedominatestheshapingofone'scharacteristics.
(C)thedevelopmentofone'spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors
(D)B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitivesociety
Passage5
Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaseffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.
Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsquencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanseemtobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeintffpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Inded,whenone'smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadtoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproduoerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.
Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutfotgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byor-dinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thisforgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.
Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffersgrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.
67.Fromtheevolutionarypointofview,__.
(A)forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive.
(B)ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive
(C)thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual'sadaptability
(D)suddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveconsequences
68.Accordingtothepassage,ifapersonneverforgot,__.
(A)hewouldsurvivebest(C)hisabilitytolearnwouldbeenhanced
(B)hewouldhavealotoftrouble(D)theevolutionofmemorywouldstop
69.Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat__.
(A)forgetfulnessisaresponsetolearning
(B)thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputsystenl
(C)memoryisacompensationforforgetting
(D)thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingoccurs
70.Inthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof__.
(A)remembering(B)forgetting(C)adapting(D)experiencing
PartⅣEnglish-ChineseTranslation
Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltestthatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,
classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andevenincongress.71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionformthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.
Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.
Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,thesktllshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73)Whethertousetests.otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.
74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelvwhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemessuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeopleSometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.
PartⅤWrlting(15points)
DIRECTIONS:
A.Title:THE"PROJECTHOPE"
B.Timelimit:40minutes
C.Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)
D.YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththe
givenopeningsentence:"Educationplaysaveryimportantroleinthemodernizationof
ourcountry".
E.YourcompositionmustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.
OUTLEVE:
1.Presentsluation
2.Necessityoftheproject
3.Mysuggestion
答案:
1.D2.A3.B4.D5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A10.C
11.A,renect12.D,if
13.B,towhich14.D,being
15.C,writingabout或whowriteabout16.D,affected
17.C,whose18.C,as
19.C,domuch20.B,eachtime
21.B22.D23.C24.C25.A26.B27.D28.C29.A30.A
31.D32.B33.A34.C35.B36.A37.D38.D39.A40.B
41.B42.C43.C44.B45.D46.C47.A48.D49.A50.B
51.D52.A53.D54.C55.A56.C57.A58.D59.B60.C
61.A62.D63.C64.B65.B66.C67.D68.B69.A70.B
71．把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
72．这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
73．因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
74．一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
75．例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
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