2001年考研英语真题及参考答案
Section I Structure and VocabularyPart A
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked , , and . Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)
Example:
I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.
from
after
for
since
The sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose .
Sample Answer
[■]
1. If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I ________ my head in my hands for a cry.
bury
am burying
buried
would bury
2. Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ________ half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
to announce
announced
announcing
was announced
3. According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself apparent, so one ________ wait instead of searching for it.
would rather
had to
cannot but
had best
4. She felt suitably humble just as she ________ when he had first taken a good look at her city self, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.
had
had had
would have and
has had
5. There was no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite ________ from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
being resigned
having resigned
going to resign
resign
6. So involved with their computers ________ that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
became the children
become the children
had the children become
do the children become
7. The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is ________ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.
everything except
anything but
no less than
nothing more than
8. One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. ________ this is meant that a concept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.
By
In
For
With
9. Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to ________ it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.
as
which
that
what
10. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, ________ they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
be
being
were
are
Part B
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked , , and . Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the rackets with a pencil. (10 points)
Example:
The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.
vanished
scattered
abandoned
rejected
The sentence should read. “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” There fore, you should choose .
Sample Answer
[■]
11. He is too young to be able to ________ between right and wrong.
discard
discern
disperse
disregard
12. It was no ________ that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.
coincidence
convention
certainty
complication
13. One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships ________ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.
cautiously
dutifully
faithfully
skillfully
14. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be ________ the welfare of his animals.
critical about
indignant at
indifferent to
subject to
15. The chairman of the board ________ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.
compelled
posed
pressed
tempted
16. It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with ________.
for long
in and out
once for all
by nature
17. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in ________ and lack of unity in style.
conflict
confrontation
disturbance
disharmony
18. The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once ________.
thrived
swelled
prospered
flourished
19. However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to ________ some of the decline in the iron and steel industry.
overturn
overtake
offset
oppress
20. Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is ________.
firm
company
corporation
enterprise
21. When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes it as ________.
novel
remote
distant
foreign
22. My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I ________ at a garage sale.
trifled with
scraped through
stumbled upon
thirsted for
23. Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could ________.
descend
decline
deteriorate
depress
24. Equipment not ________ official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.
conforming to
consistent with
predominant over
providing for
25. As an industry, biotechnology stands to ________ electronics in dollar volume and perhaps surpass it in social impact by 2020.
contend
contest
rival
strive 分页标题#e#
26. The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving ________ for the states and liberty for individuals.
autonomy
dignity
monopoly
stability
27. For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost ________ as microorganisms.
precisely
instantly
initially
exclusively
28. The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow ________, particularly in Western Europe.
obscure
obsolete
optional
overlapping
29. Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just ________ and needs proving.
spontaneous
hypothetical
intuitive
empirical
30. The future of this company is ________: many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.
at odds
in trouble
in vain
at stake
Section II Cloze Test
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked , , and . Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases31the trial of Rosemary West.
In a significant32of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a33bill that will propose making payments to witnesses34and will strictly control the amount of35that can be given to a case36a trial begins.
In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he37with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not38sufficient control.
大39of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a40of media protest when he said the41of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges42to Parliament.
The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which43the European Convention on Human Rights legally44in Britain, laid down that everybody was45to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.
“Press freedoms will be in safe hands46our British judges,” he said.
Witness payments became an47after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were48to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised49witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to50guilty verdicts.
31. as to
for instance
in particular
such as
32. tightening
intensifying
focusing
fastening
33. sketch
rough
preliminary
draft
34. illogical
illegal
improbable
improper
35. publicity
penalty
popularity
peculiarity
36. since
if
before
as
37. sided
shared
complied
agreed
38. present
offer
manifest
indicate
39. Release
Publication
Printing
Exposure
40. storm
rage
flare
flash
41. translation
interpretation
exhibition
demonstration
42. better than
other than
rather than
sooner than
43. changes
makes
sets
turns
44. binding
convincing
restraining
sustaining
45. authorized
credited
entitled
qualified
46. with
to
from
by
47. impact
incident
inference
issue
48. stated
remarked
said
told
49. what
when
which
that
50. assure
confide
ensure
guarantee
Section III Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked , , and . Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)
Text 1
Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.
No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.
Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.
51. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________.
sociology and chemistry
physics and psychology
sociology and psychology
physics and chemistry
52. We can infer from the passage that ________.
there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation
amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science
professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community
amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones
53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________.
the process of specialization and professionalisation
the hardship of amateurs in scientific study
the change of policies in scientific publications
the discrimination of professionals against amateurs
54. The direct reason for specialization is ________.
the development in communication
the growth of professionalisation
the expansion of scientific knowledge
the splitting up of academic societies 分页标题#e#
Text 2
A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide -- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access -- after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.
Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.
To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.
55. Digital divide is something ________.
getting worse because of the Internet
the rich countries are responsible for
the world must guard against
considered positive today
56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________.
offers economic potentials
can bring foreign funds
can soon wipe out world poverty
connects people all over the world
57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________.
providing financial support overseas
preventing foreign capital’s control
building industrial infrastructure
accepting foreign investment
58. It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on ________.
how well-developed it is electronically
whether it is prejudiced against immigrants
whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern
how much control it has over foreign corporations
Text 3
Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.
But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.
There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates” of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.
This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.
59. What is the passage mainly about?
needs of the readers all over the world
causes of the public disappointment about newspapers
origins of the declining newspaper industry
aims of a journalism credibility project
60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________.
quite trustworthy
somewhat contradictory
very illuminating
rather superficial
61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.
working attitude
conventional lifestyle
world outlook
educational background 分页标题#e#
62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________.
failure to realize its real problem
tendency to hire annoying reporters
likeliness to do inaccurate reporting
prejudice in matters of race and gender
Text 4
The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”
There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.
Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan -- but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.
Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
63. What is the typical trend of businesses today?
to take in more foreign funds
to invest more abroad
to combine and become bigger
to trade with more countries
64. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ________.
the greater customer demands
a surplus supply for the market
a growing productivity
the increase of the world’s wealth
65. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that ________.
the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers
WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs
the costs of the globalization process are enormous
the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition
66. Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be ________.
optimistic
objective
pessimistic
biased
Text 5
When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.
Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting” has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all,” preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life,” and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.
In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting -- also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” -- has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-’90s equivalent of dropping out.
While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s -- and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.
For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life -- growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one -- as a personal recognition of your limitations.
67. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1?
Full-time employment is a new international trend.
The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.
“A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.
The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.
68. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ________.
enables her to realize her dream
helps her mold a new philosophy of life
prompts her to abandon her high social status
leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine
69. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by ________.
non-materialistic lifestyle
a bit of everything
extreme stress
anti-consumerism
70. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of ________.
the quick pace of modern life
man’s adventurous spirit
man’s search for mythical experiences
the economic situation
Section IV English-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.
73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,” he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”
Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder -- kitchen rage.
Section V Writing
76. Directions:
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.
There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to
1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below,
2) give a specific example, and
3) give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
答案
Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)
Part A (5 points)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Part B (10 points)
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Section II: Cloze Text (10 points)
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)
51. 52. 53. 54. 55.
56. 57. 58. 59. 60.
61. 62. 63. 64. 65.
66. 67. 68. 69. 70.
Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71. 届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标 (违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。
72. 儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字体时代就来到了。
73. 皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
74. 但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”
75. 家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病 -- 厨房狂躁。
Section V: Writing (20 points)
76. 参考范文
This picture is a symbol that tells us how we should use our love: our love is like a lamp; the darker the place, the brighter the light. Indeed, love is most precious when it is offered to someone who is in difficulty.
I can tell you a real story here. When I was a child, my family moved to the countryside. Among our new neighbors was a paralyzed woman. As an innocent child, I somehow showed some interest in her. When I had time, I would to see her. When I had something to eat, I would let her share with me. One day she suddenly said to me, tear in her eyes, “I will bless you when I am in heaven.” I knew my love for her had worked wonders, for I had never heard her speaking and I thought she had lost her ability to speak. Her blessing may have really worked for I have been a lucky person in work and in life.
As far as I understand, love is sympathy and sincerity that needs not be expressed in terms of money or sweet words. As the proverb goes, “a hand may smell fragrant when it gives roses to others.” I believe love is the most precious thing in the world and we should give it to those who need it most.
(实习编辑 王迪)
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