2014考研英语模拟测试题五
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on
ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Everybody dances. If you have 1 swerved to avoid stepping on a crack in the sidewalk, you have
danced. If you have ever kneeled to pray, you have danced. For these actions have figured importantly 2
the history of dance. Dance goes 3 to the beginning of civilization- 4 the tribe---where natives danced to
get 5 they wanted. Primitive dance was 6 all practical, not the social dancing we know today.
Natives approached dance with 7 seriousness as a way to help the tribe in the crucial process 8
survival. Dance was believed to be the 9 direct way to repel locusts, to 10 rain to fall, to insure that a
male heir would be born, and 11 guarantee victory in a forthcoming battle. Primitive 12 was generally
done by many people moving in the same manner and direction.
13 all dances had leaders, solo dances 14 rare. Much use was made of 15 Part of the
body. And so 16 were these tribe dances that, if a native 17 miss a single step, he would be put to
death 18 the spot. Fortunately, the same rigid 19 that governed the lives of these people do not apply
in the 20 relaxed settings of today’s disco.
1. ever never before after
2. about for in around
3. forward back up down
4. at for of to
5. when why which what
6. about above under over
7. little great less least
8. to over of at
9. most first least last
10. cause happen try make
11. for of to at
12. food dance spells harvest
13. Since Despite Thus Although
14. are was were is
15. only every some all
16. comic boring solemn tiring
17. would should might could
18. in at on around
19. sticks messages reviews rules
20. less more least most
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your
answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Text 1
There is nothing like the joy of finding out that something sinful is actually good for your, whether it’s sex,
chocolate or a glass of fine red wine—or , for that matter, beer, whisky or a satisfying aperitif. We’ve long heard
exciting hints that red wine has unique benefits for the heart. But the same sunny reputation for heart health is
now staring to shine on all liquor. “No matter where you look, the dominant alcoholic beverage is
beneficial—whether it’s red wine in France and Italy, sake in Japan or beer in Germany,” says Dr. Walter Willett,
chair of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health.
This has led researchers to an inescapable conclusion. As healthful as components of red wine may be, the
primary benefit must come form ethanol itself. In short, it’s the alcohol, stupid. But don’t go overboard.
Protection comes only with light to moderate intake – two drinks a day for men or a miserly one a day for
women.
The majority benefit of alcohol seems to come form its ability to boost levels of HDL, the good cholesterol
that helps keep arteries clear of plaque. Ethanol does that by signaling the liver to make more of a substance
called Apo A1, the major protein in HDL. The effects can be striking. “Depending on the individual, you can get
increases of 10 to 30 percent in HDL in a week,” says Harvard epidemiologist Eric Rimm. Alcohol also makes
blood less sticky and less likely to form clots that cause heart attacks and strokes. It also appears to have mild
anti-inflammatory effects. And it enhances insulin sensitivity—which may explain why moderate alcohol
consumption correlates with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes.
But alcohol is a dietary Jekyll and Hyde. Heavy intake can raise blood pressure, increase irregular heartbeat,
and lead to heart failure. The most sobering news concerns cancer. A recent analysis of 156 studies found that as
alcohol intake increases, so do risks of tumors in the mouth, and liver. Even moderate drinking can boost
breast-cancer risk a small amount.
Is moderate drinking worth the risks? For some people—pregnant women, people with liver disease or a
history of alcoholism—the answer is no. but for most of us, the benefits will probably outweigh the hazards.
Whether you sip wine, beer or spirits, your heart may thank you.
21. According to Dr. Walter Willett, for good health, people could drink
only red-wine. beer. some whisky. any alcohol.
22. It can be inferred from Para 3 that
alcohol can lower the risk of plaque in arteries.
some components of wine is bad for health.
chocolate is good for health.
alcohol can be used as medicine.
23. By using the word “correlates” (Line 7, Paragraph 3), the author implies that
drinking alcohol might cause diabetes.
both types of diabetes are related to alcohol consumption.
drinking alcohol is good for people with diabetes.
drinking alcohol might lower the risk of diabetes.
24. By “alcohol is a dietary Jekyll and Hyde”, the author means
drinking alcohol can be of both advantage and disadvantage.
alcohol is necessary for daily diet.
Jekyll and Hyde is a brand of alcohol.
drinking alcohol can also be very dangerous.
25. What can we get from the last paragraph?
People can drink alcohol in a moderate way.
Alcohol is good for heart health.
Pregnant women can only intake very few alcohol.
Alcohol is beneficial to most people.
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Text 2
The scourge that’s plaguing cruise lines—and causing thousands of tourists to rethink their holiday travel
plans—didn’t start this year, nor did it even start on a ship. It began, as far as the Centers for Disease Control
(CDC) can tell, in Norwalk, U.S., in October 1968, when 116 elementary school children and teachers suddenly
became ill. The CDC investigated, and the cause was discovered to be a small, spherical, previously unclassified
virus that scientists named, appropriately enough, the Norwalk virus.
Flash forward 34 years, and Norwalk-like viruses (there’s a whole family of them) are all over the news as
one ocean liner after another limps into port with passengers complaining of nausea and vomiting. The CDC,
which gets called in whenever more than 2% of a vessel’s passengers come down with the dame disease,
identified Norwalk as the infectious agent and oversaw thorough ship cleaning—which, to the dismay of the
owners of the cruise lines, haven’t made the problem go away.
So are we in the middle of an oceangoing epidemic? Not according to Dave Forney, chief of the CDC’s
vessel-sanitation program. He sees this kind of thing all the time; a similar out break on several ships in Alaska
last year got almost no press. In fact, he says, as far as gastrointestinal illness goes, fewer people may be getting
sick this year than last.
Norwalk-like viruses, it turns out, are extremely common—perhaps second only to cold viruses—and they
tend to break out whenever people congregate in close quarters for more than two or three days. Oceangoing
pleasure ships provide excellent breeding grounds, but so do schools, hotels, camps, nursing homes and hospitals.
“Whenever we look for this virus,” says Dr. Marc Widdowson, a CDC epidemiologist, “we find it.” Just last
week 100 students (of 500) at the Varsity Acres Elementary School in Calgary, Canada, stayed home sick.
School trick? Hardly. The Norwalk virus had struck again.
If ocean cruises are your idea of fun, don’t despair. This might even be a great time to go shipping for a
bargain. The ships have been cleaned. The food and water have been examined and found virus free. According
to the CDC, it was probably the passengers who brought the virus aboard.
Of course, if you are ill or recovering form a stomach bug, you might do everybody for a favor and put off
your travel until the infectious period has passed (it can take a couple of weeks). To reduce your chances of
getting sick, the best thing to do is wash your hands—frequently and thoroughly—and keep them out of your
mouth.
One more thing: if, like me, you are prone to motion sickness, don’t forget to pack your Dramamine.
26. According to the passage, CDC is an organization that
works against the Norwalk-like viruses.
helps to control diseases.
specialized in treat virus in ocean liners.
works for the benefits of cruise owners.
27. What can be inferred from the words of Dave Forney?
Norwalk-like viruses caused horrors among people.
Norwalk-like viruses can be eliminated by CDC.
Norwalk-like viruses casually appear on vessels.
Norwalk-like viruses co-exist with gastrointestinal illness.
28. The history of Norwalk virus tells us that
it is named by CDC. it caused thousands of tourists sick.
it is an ordinary virus. it has been eradicated now.
29. We can learn from the fourth paragraph that
students are easily attacked by the Norwalk-like viruses.
Norwalk-like viruses tend to break out in closed crowded place.
Norwalk-like viruses might cause flu.
Norwalk-like viruses are not widespread.
30. We know from the author’s suggestions that
we can bargain about the ocean cruises.
people with motion sickness should not travel by ships.
passengers might be the cause of Norwalk-like viruses.
wash hands is good habit.
Text 3
How efficient is our system of criminal trial? Does it really do the basic job we ask of it—convicting the
guilty and acquitting the innocent? It is often said that the British trail system is more like a game than a serious
attempt to do justice. The lawyers on each side are so engrossed in playing hard to win, challenging each other
and the judge on technical points, that the object of finding out the truth is almost forgotten. All the effort is
concentrated on the big day, on the dramatic cross examination of the key witnesses in front of the jury. Critics
like to compare our “adversarial” system (resembling two adversaries engaged in a contest) with the continental
“inquisitorial” system, under which the judge plays a more important inquiring role.
In early times, in the Middle Ages, the systems of trial across Europe were similar. At that time trial by
“ordeal”—especially a religious event – was the main way of testing guilt or innocence. When this way
eventually abandoned the two systems parted company. On the continent church-trained legal officials took over
the function of both prosecuting and judging, while in England these were largely left to lay people, the Justice of
the Peace and the jurymen who were illiterate and this meant that all the evidence had to be put to them orally.
This historical accident dominates procedure even today, with all evidence being given in open court by word of
mouth on the crucial day.
On the other hand, in France for instance, all the evidence is written before the trail under supervision by an
investigating judge. This exhaustive pretrial looks very undramatic; much of it is just a public checking of the
written records already gathered.
The Americans adopted the British system lock, stock and barrel and enshrined it in their constitution. But,
while the basic features of our systems are common, there are now significant differences in the way serious
cases are handled. First, because the U.S.A has virtually no contempt of court laws to prevent pretrial publicity in
the newspaper and on television, Americans lawyers are allowed to question jurors about knowledge and beliefs.
In Britain this is virtually never allowed, and random selections of jurors who are presumed not to be
prejudiced are empanelled. Secondly, there is no separate profession of barrister in the United States, and both
prosecution and defense lawyers who are to present cases in court prepare themselves. They go out and visit the
scene, track down and interview witnesses, and familiarize themselves personally with the background. In Britain
it is the solicitor who prepares the case, and the barrister who appears in court is not even allowed to meet
witness beforehand. British barristers also alternate doing both prosecution and defense work. Being kept distant
from the preparation and regularly appearing for both sides, barristers are said to avoid becoming to personally
involved, and can approach cases more dispassionately. American lawyers, however, often know their cases
better.
Reformers rightly want to learn form other countries’ mistakes and successes. But what is clear is that
justice systems, largely because they are the result of long historical growth, are peculiarly difficult to adapt
piecemeal.
31. “British trial system is more like a game than a serious attempt to do justice.” It implies that .
the British legal system can do the basic job well—convicting the guilty and acquitting the innocent
the British legal system is worse than the continental legal system
the British legal system is often considered to be not very fair
the British legal system is very efficient
32. Which of the following sentences is NOT true?
Oral evidence was unnecessary in France because the judges and prosecutors could read.
When trial by ordeal was finally abandoned throughout Europe, trial by jury was introduced in
Britain.
In the adversarial system, it is the lawyers who play the leading roles.
Lawyers in Britain are prepared to lie in order to win their cases.
33. In Britain, newspapers .
do the same as American newspapers do
are not interested in publishing details about the trial before it takes place
are not allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes place
are allowed to publish details about the trial before it takes place
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34. We can infer that American lawyers .
do not attempt to familiarize themselves with cases
prepare the cases themselves
tend to be more passionately involved in their cases
tend to approach cases dispassionately
35. The passage .
questions whether the system of trial by jury can ever be completely efficient
suggests a number of reforms which should be made to the legal system of various countries
describes how the British legal system works and compares it favourably with other systems
compares the legal systems of a number of countries and discusses their advantages and
disadvantages
Text 4
There has been much talk recently of the “Wal-Martization” of America, a reference to the giant retailer’s
enthusiastic attempts to keep its costs—and therefore its prices—at rock-bottom levels. But for years, even
during the 1990s boom, much of Corporate America had already embraced Wal-Mart-like strategies to control
labor costs, such as hiring temps and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders, and
outsourcing to lower-paying contractors at home and abroad.
While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumer prices, they’re costly in other
ways. More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end
jobs, according to a new book entitled Low-Wage America: How Employers Are Reshaping Opportunity in the
Workplace. Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift
work to subcontractors and temp agencies and move white-collar jobs to India.
The result has been an erosion of one of America’s most cherished values: giving its people the ability to
move up the economic ladder over their lifetimes. Historically, most Americans, even low-skilled ones, were
able to find poorly paid factory jobs, then gradually climb into the middle class as they gained experience and
moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in the 1970s, when the
post-World War II productivity boom ran out of steam. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as
globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.
Many experts expected the trend to reverse as productivity rebounded during the heated economy of the
1990s. Certainly, there were plenty of gains. The long decline in pay rates turned around as supertight labor
markets raised the wages of almost everyone. College enrollment boomed, too, and home ownership shot up,
extending the American dream to more families. Low interest rates and higher wages allowed even those on the
bottom to benefit.
But new research suggests that, surprisingly, the best economy in 30 years did little to get America’s
boasted upward mobility back on track. The new studies paint a paradoxical picture: Even as the U.S. economy
was bursting with wealth in the 1990s, minting dot-com millionaires by the thousands, conventional companies
were cutting the middle out of career ladders, leaving fewer people able to better their economic position over the
decade.
During the 1990s, relative mobility – that is, the share of Americans changing income quintiles in any
direction, up or down – slipped by two percentage points, to 62% .Essentially, says Nobel laureate James J.
Heckman, “the big finding in recent years is that notion of America being a highly mobile society isn’t as true as
it used to be.”
36. Which of the following tactics does Wal-Mart adopt to lower its costs?
to fight with unions for its workers’ benefits.
to dismiss most of permanent employees.
to eliminate the hierarchy of different positions
to invite contractors to bid for manufacturing its goods.
37. Many American workers get into trouble because
their income can hardly feed their families
they can not grasp good chances of promotion.
they are deprived of better job opportunities
they face fierce competition of overseas employees.
38. By mentioning poorly paid factory jobs in paragraph 3, the author intends to imply
it is hard for laboring people to climb up the social ladder.
Americans are less likely to find jobs, even poorly paid jobs.
Americans today don’t value what they treasured in the past.
Advances of technology lead to the reduction of wage levels.
39. The word ‘rebound’ (Line 1, Paragraph 4) probably means.
to find a way out. to return to a former condition
to become worse than before to get much better
40. What conclusion can we make of American economy?
In the 1990s, American economy enjoyed a boom.
The 1970s witnessed rapid economic growth and better wages.
Laborers were more likely to move upward in the 1980s than before.
In the 1990s, laborers got more chances to climb up the social ladder.
Part B
Directions: You are going to read a text about the steps to ask for a raise, followed by a list of examples.
Choose the best example from the list A—F for each numbered subheading (41--45). There is one extra
example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
So you’ve been with you company for a while and have been exceeding all of your manager’s
expectations. You work hard, are a great team player, come up with new ideas to take the business further and
are an all-around joy in the workplace.
If you haven’t been promoted or been bumped up in salary automatically, it might be time to take the bull by
the horns and approach this topic yourself. While asking for a raise makes many people uncomfortable and
nervous, the situation can be a breeze if handled correctly.
The following are a few steps to follow to make sure your request does not fall on deaf ears:
41. Do your research
Like any other element of your career, it all starts with research. In order to present your manager with a
compelling case in your favor, you need to know what the going rate is for someone with your experience and in
your position.
42. Outline a case for yourself.
When going into any kind of negotiation session, you need to be equipped with the right amount of
ammunition. Before you walk into your meeting, look back at your time with the company and highlight your
accomplishments. Come up with a list of specific examples of ways you have been a valuable asset to the
business. Find facts and figures that demonstrate what you have excelled, using numbers whenever possible.
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If you really want to knock their socks off, put your accomplishments into a formal presentation, albeit
brief, that outlines each of your goals and how you have achieved them. This will demonstrate that you are
professional, willing to go the extra mile, and have thought about your request thoroughly.
43. Know what’s going on in your neighborhood.
There are good times and bad times to ask for a raise at any company.
Schedule ample time to present your case, and make sure your timing is right.
Asking for a raise on the fly after just walking into your manager’s office to chat will not benefit you or
impress your boss.
Make sure you have time to present your case, and that your manager has time to think about your
presentation. Request a meeting with your supervisor, at least a half-hour long. Think about your timing when
you schedule the meeting, too. If your department has a bevy of deadlines to meet at the end of each month,
don’t schedule your meeting on the 29th. Pick a time when your manager will be sure to be in a good mood and
not overly stressed.
44. Avoid threats or demands.
The last thing you want to do is to put your supervisor on the defensive.
Be professional and, if your job is worth keeping, willing to listen to the other side. Keep the meeting
positive and your outcome will be more positive.
45. Remember that not all perks are monetary.
Don’t fall into the trap of thinking you are not valued if you do not get exactly what you had expected.
If you approach your manager for a raise in a time of downsizing and cost-cutting, you will not only be
denied, but will also show that you are not in tune with the company’s needs. Make sure you understand your
company’s overall financial situation.
For example, if you developed a marketing plan that helped increase sales, make sure you have those
sales figures on hand, as well as your role in the plan and its execution. Be sure to tie your own success into the
overall success of the company.
If your company is strapped financially but you and your manager still come to the conclusion that it is
time for you to be rewarded for your performance, you might be able to negotiate for stock options, more
vacation time or other non-monetary benefits.
When you come up with your desired raise in your base salary, go over 2%. If you want 8% then ask for
10%.
You can find out what others in your industry and in comparable positions are raking in by looking at
online resources, through the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or in books like “The American Almanac of Jobs and
Salaries” by John W. Wright (Quill).
Going into a meeting with the “if I don’t get it, I’m leaving” attitude will only tell your company you are
uncompromising and only out for number one.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Exactly where we will stand in the long war against disease by the year 2050 is impossible to say. 46. But if
developments in research maintain their current pace, it seems likely that a combination of improved attention to
dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein targeted drugs, will have
virtually eliminated most classes of disease.
From an economic standpoint, the best news may be that these accomplishments could be accompanies by a
drop in health-care costs. 47. Costs may even fall as diseases are brought under control using pinpointed,
short-term therapies now being developed. By 2050 there will be fewer hospitals, and surgical procedures will be
largely restricted to the treatment of accidents and other forms of Struma. Spending on nonacute care, both in
nursing facilities and in homes, will also fall sharply as more elderly people lead healthy lives until close to
death.
One result of medicine’s success in controlling disease will be a dramatic increase in life expectancy. 48.
The extent of that increase is a highly speculative matter, but it is worth noting that medical science has already
helped to make the very old (currently defined as those over 85 years of age) the fastest growing segment of the
population. Between 1960 and 1995, the U.S. population as a whole increased by about 45%, while the segment
over 85 years of age grew by almost 300%. 49. There has been a similar explosion in the population of
centenarians, with the result that survival to the age of 100 is no longer the newsworthy feat that it was only a
few decades ago. U.S. Census Bureau projections already forecast dramatic increase in the number of
centenarians in the next 50 years: 4million in 2050, compared with 37,000 in 1990.
50. Although Census Bureau calculations project an increase in average life span of only eight years by the
year 2050, some experts believe that the human life span should not begin to encounter any theoretical natural
limits before 120 years. With continuing advances in molecular medicine and a growing understanding of the
aging process, that limit could rise to 130 years or more.
Section III Writing
Part A
Directions:
You are required to write to a reader who has not received your publication—the Journal of Applied
Linguistics. In the letter you should cover the following information:
1) to explain the reason,
2) to inform the reader of the solution, and
3) to make apologies.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter.
Use “Li MING” instead. (10 points)
Part B
Directions:
Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and
2) give comments on this phenomenon.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
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