2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numberedblank and mark , , or on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers tosupervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-partsfactory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they wouldlearn how stop-floor lightingworkers' productivity. Instead, thestudies endedgiving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", theextremely influential idea that the veryto being experimented uponchanged subjects' behavior.
The idea arose because of thebehavior of the women in theHawthorne plant. According toof the experiments, their hourly outputrose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It didnotwhat was done in the experiment;something was changed,productivity rose. A(n)that they were being experimented upon seemedto beto alter workers' behavioritself.
After several decades, the same data wereto econometric theanalysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store thedescriptions on record, no systematicwas found that levels ofproductivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may behave let tointerpretation of what happed. , lighting was alwayschanged on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, outputrosecompared with the previous Saturday andto rise for the next couple ofdays. , a comparison with data for weeks when there was noexperimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workerstobe diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, beforeaplateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged"Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.
1. affected achieved extracted restored
2. at up with off
3. truth sight act proof
4. controversial perplexing mischievous ambiguous
5. requirements explanations accounts assessments
6. conclude matter indicate work
7. as far as for fear that in case that so long as
8. awareness expectation sentiment illusion
9. suitable excessive enough abundant
10. about for on by
11. compared shown subjected conveyed
12. contrary to consistent with parallel with peculiar to
13. evidence guidance implication source
14. disputable enlightening reliable misleading
15. In contrast For example In consequence As usual
16. duly accidentally unpredictably suddenly
17. failed ceased started continued
20. breaking climbing surpassing hitting
Section IIReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each textby choosing , , or . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-languagenewspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the mostfar-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope andseriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the averagereader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality artscriticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerablenumber of the most significant collections of criticism published inthe 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To readsuch books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contentswere once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulationdailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviewspublished in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve ofWorld War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish artscriticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which itappeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that thecritics of major papers would write in detail and at length about theevents they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even thosereviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw andErnest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These menbelieved in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published inthe daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary giftenough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I amtempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied bywriters who are not read to writers who are.’”
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. NevilleCardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortlybefore his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays onthe game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one ofEngland’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admiredthat his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his booksis now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown saveto specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival?The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long beforehis death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richlyupholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, theamateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized by
free themes.
casual style.
elaborate layout.
radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
His style caters largely to modern specialists.
His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
Newspapers of the Good Old Days
The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
Mournful Decline of Journalism
Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted forwhat are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its"one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protectionfor an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique forlifting a box.
Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scaleback on business-method patents, which have been controversial eversince they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that hasintellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for thefederal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broadreview of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known ,is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University ofMissouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entireclass of patents."
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face,because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patentswith is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approvinga patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling producedan explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerginginternet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specifictypes of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced toadd such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move againstrivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a courtfiling that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patentsdespite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves withpatents for financial products, even as they took positions in courtcases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedgingrisk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual orderstating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges,rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants toevaluate is whether it should" reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series ofrecent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope ofprotections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justicessignaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" thatare obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to theanti-patent trend at the Supreme Court" ,says Harold C. Wegner, a patentattorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.
26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of
their limited value to business
their connection with asset allocation
the possible restriction on their granting
the controversy over authorization
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
Its ruling complies with the court decisions
It involves a very big business transaction
It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit
It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means
loss of good will
increase of hostility
change of attitude
enhancement of dignity
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents
are immune to legal challenges
are often unnecessarily issued
lower the esteem for patent holders
increase the incidence of risks
30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
A looming threat to business-method patents
Protection for business-method patent holders
A legal case regarding business-method patents
A prevailing trend against business-method patents
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that socialepidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority ofspecial individuals, often called influentials, who are unusuallyinformed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitivelycompelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausiblesounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow ofcommunication": Information flows from the media to the influentials andfrom them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flowbecause it suggests that if they can just find and influence theinfluentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity ofcertain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursorysearch for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing,promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paidattention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the ideathat only certain special people can drive trends
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up withthe finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemicsthan is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required ofall.
The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing aboutsocial influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like OprahWinfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, notinterpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of apopulation simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it isprecisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to thetwo-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics byinfluencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemicto occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his orher own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; andjust how many others pay attention to each of these people has littleto do with the initial influential. If people in the network just twodegrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, forexample from the initial influential prove resistant, for example thecascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, theresearchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number ofvariables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variablesrelating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency tobe influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what wecall "global cascades"- the widespread propagation of influence throughnetworks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of acritical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, alook or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor.Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she canexert global influence only if this critical mass is available topropagate a chain reaction.
31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to
analyze the consequences of social epidemics
discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas
exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics
describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"
serves as a solution to marketing problems
has helped explain certain prevalent trends
has won support from influentials
requires solid evidence for its validity
33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that
the power of influence goes with social interactions
interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
influentials have more channels to reach the public
most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
stay outside the network of social influence
have little contact with the source of influence
are influenced and then influence others
are influenced by the initial influential
35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
The eagerness to be accepted
The impulse to influence others
The readiness to be influenced
The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: theaccounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forcedthem to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules saythey must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, notthe price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The detailsmay be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essentialto the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, revivingthe banking system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's FinancialAccounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. Thesegave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and moreflexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their incomestatement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who"question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhancewhat one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."
European ministers instantly demanded that the InternationalAccounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does notwant to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when itcompletes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. CharlieMcCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not livein a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yetdevelop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts thatvastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstatelosses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity ofmarkets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be knownfor years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggestingthat investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect theparalysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of bookinglosses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized anddealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not workunless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.Successful markets require independent and even combativestandard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning uprules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility fromspecial interests. But by giving in to critics now they are invitingpressure to make more concessions.
36. Bankers complained that they were forced to
follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
collect payments from third parties
cooperate with the price managers
reevaluate some of their assets.
37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in
the diminishing role of management
the revival of the banking system
the banks' long-term asset losses
the weakening of its independence
38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to
keep away from political influences.
evade the pressure from their peers.
act on their own in rule-setting.
take gradual measures in reform.
39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet "in that they
misinterpreted market price indicators
exaggerated the real value of their assets
neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
denied booking losses in their sale of assets.
40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of
satisfaction.
skepticism.
objectiveness
sympathy
Part B
Directions:
For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from thelist A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text.Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which doesnot fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10points)
The first and more important is the consumer's growingpreference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in placesother than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the foodservice segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared withgrowth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recessionis looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep atighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realisticalternative.
Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets areat a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry foropportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already triede-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost allhave ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: thewholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind ofmarket retailers need.
Will such variations bring about a change in the overallstructure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioningof the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers.In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, todecide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately beacclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and internationalconsumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will takehold.
All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which bigretailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructureand proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, andmarketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies ofwholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profitsthereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspectionreveals important differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as wellas the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Bigretailers must understand these differences before they can identifythe segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilitiesmight unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills andunfamiliar business models are needed too.
Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in thecountries that have been closely examined-France, Germany, Italy, andSpain-are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly fromtwo sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike largeretail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and foodservice operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home.Such food service operators range from snack machines to largeinstitutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are knownin the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall,Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the samesluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when addedtogether, mask two opposing trends.
For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overallmargins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand fromthe food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat outmore often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmentedindustry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
However, none of these requirements should deter largeretailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers)from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies ofwholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41→42→43→44→E→45
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully onANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly oneconomic motives is that most members of the land community have noeconomic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic communityand, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled tocontinuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if wehappen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. Atthe beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidenceto the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to controlthem. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have noland ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point ofadmitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals andfish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over wordedthe evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killingthe physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.
Some species of tree have been read out of the party byeconomics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too lowa sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry isecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species arerecognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved assuch, within reason.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economicself-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thuseventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lackcommercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Itassumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clockwill function without the uneconomic parts.
Section ⅢWriting
Part A
51. Directions:
You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a noticeto recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization,you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the otherinformation you think relative.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
答案
Section I Use of English
1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．C 6． B 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．D
11．C 12．A 13．A 14．D 15．B 16．A 17．D 18．C 19．B 20．D
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
21.B 22.A 23.C 24. A 25. B 26.C 27.D 28.C 29. B 30. D
31.B 32.D 33.A 34. C 35.C 36.A 37.A 38.C 39.C 40. D
Part B
41. B 42. F 43. D 44. G 45. A
Part C Translation
46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。
47.但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。
48.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或“没有价值的物种”。
49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。
50.他容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。
Section III Writing
51．小作文
以研究生会的名义写一封通知，通知的内容是为全球一体化的国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必须包括申请者的基本职位要求及你认为相关的其他信息。写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己的名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替。
参考范文一：
Notice
Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integrationare wanted. Anyone who is in good command of English and experienced incross-cultural communication are expected to take part in this activity.The major task for this position are as follows: to begin with, topropaganda the theme of globalization to people all over the world; inaddition, to provide E-C interpretation service to those representativesof the international conference, aiming at facilitating the process ofthe meeting; at last, you should be strictly available according to thetime schedule of the conference. Those who are interested in this postare cordially welcome!
Postgraduates’ Association
参考范文二：
Notice
Twenty volunteers for the International Conference of GlobalIntegration are wanted among the students in our school. The positionsrecruited include receptionist, conference guider, transportation guiderand English interpreter. The volunteers are requested to speak fluentEnglish and are expected to be active, open-minded and conscientious.The Conference falls on September 23 at China Institute of InternationalStudies, and all the volunteers will be trained for 5 days before theconference and provided with free transportation and meal. For those whoare interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resumeto the email address: postgraduates@zju.cn before September 1.
Postgraduates’ Association
参考范文三：
Announcement
Postgraduates’ Association is recently looking for Volunteers forthe International Conference of Global Integration. Applicants should becurrently studying at the university, and should preferably have theexperience of being a part-time volunteer in several internationalevents.
The successful applicant will be expected to propaganda the themeof globalization in the city and on campus. The position will commenceat the end of May and will last through to the end of August. Fair payfor the position is available and will be based on your experience.
If you are interested, please send your resume to the following email: postgraduates@zju.cn before September 1st.
Postgraduates’ Association
52．大作文
根据下图写一篇160~200个单词的文章
1. 解释它要表达的意思2. 简单描述这幅图3. 给出你的评论
注：火锅里的文字有：佛、功夫、解构、礼、毕升、儒、后现代、老舍、莎士比亚、爱因斯坦、道、仁、天鹅湖、启蒙、京剧等
参考范文：
The enlightening picture portrays that a hot pot, with numerousingredients in it, includes such domestic and alien cultures asliterature, moral values and performing arts. It seems that the hot pottastes very delicious because of the rich nutrition of themulti-cultures.
Obviously, the picture characterizes the status quo of Chinesesociety in which Chinese and Western culture conflict with each otherbut also merge into a unique form to a certain degree. Since China hasopened its door widely to the outside world, many people from differentcountries have been deeply fascinated by Chinese culture. They willaccept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chineseculture should be well shared with foreign people, who have shown theirenthusiasm towards China. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposedto foreign cultures when more foreign people come to this orientalcountry. In this way people from various nations in the world will beable to acquire better understanding of each other and live peacefullyin this world.
In my opinion, the culture of any nation is a kind of preciousheritage, and belongs to the whole mankind. With economic globalization,the blending of different cultures has become inevitable trend of thetime. No country is an isolated island, be it China or the westernworld. The clearer we grasp the current situation, the more it would bebeneficial to the global villagers.
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