2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just howsmart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’spiece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught tobe smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. Thissuggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being tooterrifically bright.
Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes moreupkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because itdepends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of otherspecies are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparentlylearned is when to 8 .
Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the questionbehind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitlyasks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 themind of every animal I’ve ever met.
Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder whatexperiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every catwith an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operantconditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would testus to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory forterrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20the results are inconclusive.
1. Suppose Consider Observe Imagine
2. tended feared happened threatened
3. thinner stabler lighter dimmer
4. tendency advantage inclination priority
5. insists on sums up turns out puts forward
6. off behind over along
7. incredible spontaneous inevitable gradual
8. fight doubt stop think
9. invisible limited indefinite different
10. upward forward afterward backward
11. features influences results costs
12. outside on by across
13. deliver carry perform apply
14. by chance in contrast as usual for instance
15. if unless as lest
16. moderate overcome determine reach
17. at for after with
18. Above all After all However Otherwise
19. fundamental comprehensive equivalent hostile
20. By accident In time So far Better still
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each textby choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text1
Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting ourbrains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort offamiliar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21stcentury, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.
So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same contextas creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered thatwhen we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synapticpaths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains ofthought onto new, innovative tracks.
But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts ofprocedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead,the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallelpathways that can bypass those old roads.
“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination withwonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executivechange consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taughtinstead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilitiesbut one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many otherpossibilities.”
All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, shesays. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born withthe capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically,procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. Atpuberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preservingonly those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during thefirst decade or so of life.
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysisand procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative andcollaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in theAmerican belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J.Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’sbusiness partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosterscommonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of itcreates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.
21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being
A. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable.
22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be
A. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided
23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to
A. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections
24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?
A, prevents new habits form being formed
B, no longer emphasizes commonness
C, maintains the inherent American thinking model
D, complies with the American belief system
25. Ryan most probably agree that
A. ideas are born of a relaxing mind
B. innovativeness could be taught
C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas
D. curiosity activates creative minds
Text 2
It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man canboost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s thekid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testingkit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.
More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they firstbecome available without prescriptions last years, according to DougFog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes theover-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA testsDirectly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars tomore than $2500.
Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , whichadopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latestrage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offerto search for a family’s geographic roots .
Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouthand sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potentialcandidate with whom to compare DNA.
But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of falseprecision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestrytesting,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notesthat each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just afew centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a singlelineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’sline or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. ThisDNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, eventhough, for example, just three generations back people also have sixother great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 othergreat-great-grandparents.
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as goodas the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databasesused by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically butrather lump together information from different research projects. Thismeans that a DNA database may differ depending on the company thatprocesses the results. In addition, the computer programs a company usesto estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peerreview or outside evaluation.
26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.
easy availability
flexibility in pricing
successful promotion
popularity with households
27. PTK is used to __________.
locate one’s birth place
promote genetic research
identify parent-child kinship
choose children for adoption
28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.
trace distant ancestors
rebuild reliable bloodlines
fully use genetic information
achieve the claimed accuracy
29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.
disorganized data collection
overlapping database building
30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.
Fors and Againsts of DNA testing
DNA testing and It’s problems
DNA testing outside the lab
lies behind DNA testing
Text 3
The relationship between formal education and economic growth inpoor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politiciansalike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social,political and intellectual development of these and all other societies;however, the conventional view that education should be one of the veryhighest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poorcountries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educationalsystems there and putting enough people through them to improveeconomic performance would require two or three generations. Thefindings of a research institution have consistently shown that workersin all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higherproductivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.
Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the UnitedStates. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japanat its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorlyeducated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance.Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assemblyproductivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of HondaNissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity oftheir Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workersreceived on the job.
More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchersdiscovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers inHouston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivitystandards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.
What is the real relationship between education and economicdevelopment? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotesthe development of education even when governments don’t force it.After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors werehunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wondermuch about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began toget its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.
As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, theycould in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level ofeducation is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition forthe complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty trapswithout political changes that may be possible only with broader formaleducation. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain theability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improveproductivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints onimproving productivity explain why education isn’t developing morequickly there than it is.
31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.
is subject groundless doubts
has fallen victim of bias
is conventional downgraded
has been overestimated
32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.
challenges economists and politicians
takes efforts of generations
demands priority from the government
requires sufficient labor force
33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.
the Japanese workforce is better disciplined
the Japanese workforce is more productive
the U.S workforce has a better education
]the U.S workforce is more organize
34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.
when people had enough time
prior to better ways of finding food
when people on longer went hung
as a result of pressure on government
35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.
results directly from competitive environments
does not depend on economic performance
follows improved productivity
cannot afford political changes
Text 4
The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are theministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere elsein colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectualpursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leadersestablished the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding,dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to startwith the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideasabout the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But inkeeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we mayconsider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjustingto New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes ofimportant episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals ofcivility and virtuosity.
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressiveeducation and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learnedministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educatedgentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed toBoston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both NewWorld and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere ofintellectual earnestness.
We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were lesswell educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents andservants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinkingoften had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane,who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons forleaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economicfrustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive momentwhen he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw wouldsettle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them,touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be mypeople.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explainingthe Bible that he heard in puritan churched.
Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments thanDane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast whomocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our mainend was to catch fish. ”
36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.
Puritan tradition dominated political life.
intellectual interests were encouraged.
Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.
intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.
37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.
experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.
brought with them the culture of the Old World
paid little attention to southern intellectual life
were obsessed with religious innovations
38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.
were famous in the New World for their writings
gained increasing importance in religious affairs
abandoned high positions before coming to the New World
created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England
39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.
influenced by superstitions
troubled with religious beliefs
puzzled by church sermons
frustrated with family earnings
40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.
were mostly engaged in political activities
were motivated by an illusory prospect
came from different backgrounds.
left few formal records for later reference
Part B
Directions :
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have beenremoved. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from thelist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extrachoices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolutionproposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, Britishsocial philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory ofbiological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldlyphenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancingtoward perfection. 41.____________.
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced anothertheory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along withTylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, heattempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in theevolution of societies.42._____________.
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born Americananthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known ashistorical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized theuniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as theresult of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging toa broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study ofculture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of manystudents of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900salso rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor ofdiffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important culturalachievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that,according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheimdeveloped a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology.Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce socialsolidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function ofsociety and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme inEuropean, and especially British, anthropology.
Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, suchas inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society.This theory was known as diffusionism.
In order to study particular cultures as completely aspossible, Boas became skilled in linguistics , the study of languages,and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
He argued that human evolution was characterized by a strugglehe called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races andsocieties must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced racesand societies.
They also focused on important rituals that appeared topreserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies thatformally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.
Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as thestructure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship,ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems offood production, all changed as societies evolved.
Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith andW. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequateinformation, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originatedin ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all ofthese cultural developments occurred separately at different times inmany parts of the world.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully onANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
There is a marked difference between the education which every onegets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young.In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural andimportant, but it is not the express reason of the association.46 It maybe said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is itseffect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not apart of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example,in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward offevil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites andsecure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, becauseof enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product ofthe institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effectconsidered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Eventoday, in our industrial life, apart from certain values ofindustriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction ofthe forms of human association under which the world's work is carriedon receives little attention as compared with physical output.
But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as animmediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignorein our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training istoo evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude andhabits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in acommon life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming thepowers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headwayin realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is itsdistinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has beenlearned largely through dealings with the young.
50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educationalprocess which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind ofeducation -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped socialgroups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groupsmainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon thesame sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successfulin some regions. “ White pollution ” is still going on. Write a letterto the editor(s) of your local newspaper to
1) give your opinions briefly and
2) make two or three suggestions
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at theend of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write theaddress.
Part B
52. Directions:
In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
Section I Use of English
1 — 5 BADBC 6 — 10 ADCBD
11 — 15 DBCDA 16 — 20 CBAAC
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
21—25 CDA AA 26—30 ACDAB
31—35 DBBAC 36—40 BBDAC
Part B
41—45 CEABG
Part C
46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。
47. 一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢得多。
48. 在和他们接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响，但是也不像与成年人打交道那么简单。
49. 既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。
50. 因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. 应用文参考范文
Dear editor ，
I am writing this letter to advise you of the pressing situation weare facing now. As we know, being accustomed to using plastic bag inour daily life, some of us still take the “white pollution” for granted.Plastic bag has become the indispensible part of our life, and the“white pollution” now is a ubiquitous phenomenon, which greatly worsensour environment.
To save the situation from further aggravating, I would like tosuggest that: firstly, our government should make a set of laws topunish the groups and individuals who are still polluting theenvironment; secondly, new technologies should be used to producedegradable and renewable materials; thirdly, the local media can makefull use of its own influence to intensify the publicity in order toenhance people’s awareness of environment.
I hope that my suggestions are helpful, thank you for your attention!
Sincerely yours ，
Li Ming
Part B
52. 短文写作参考范文
In the drawing, what first appears in front of us is a huge spiderweb, on which innumerable people are attached, like the catch of theowner of the web. What is more ironic is they are imprisoned inrespective cabins, choosing contacting on line rather than communicatingface to face.
There is no doubt that the Internet provides us with considerableconvenience. However, it drives too many individuals to be addicted tothe fictional experience, and hence forget the traditional and mostefficient communication method. Indifference has become a not uncommonphenomenon in the modern world. The following reasons may be contributeto the phenomenon. To begin with, people in mounting numbers, who arevividly called netters, indulge in on-line activities, because scienceand technology develops too fast for people to adapt to it. TheInternet, in particular, moving forward with an unimaginable speed,provides people with a convenient tool of getting in touch with others,which lacks weighing its correctness. Moreover, the fierce competitionalso plays a role of forcing people to fear the situation, which resultsin people’s habit of wallowing in the unreal world.
Hence, it is the high time that we highlighted the imperative offace-to-face communication between people. The joint efforts of thespecialists, the netters and the educators are needed to cultivate thewhole society with the essentiality. Only in this way can we expect ahealthy development of the relationship among individuals.
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