2013年考研英语基础阶段测试卷十
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1.( 10 points )
Everybody dances. If you have 1 swerved to avoid stepping on a crack in the sidewalk, you have danced. If you have every kneeled to pray, you have danced. For these actions have figured importantly 2 the history of dance. Dance goes 3 to the beginning of civilization- 4 the tribe where natives danced to get 5 they wanted. Primitive dance was 6 all practical, not the social dancing we know today. Natives approached dance with 7 seriousness as a way to help the tribe in the crucial process 8 survival. Dance was believed to be the 9 direct way to repel locusts, to 10 rain to fall, to insure that a male heir would be born, and 11 guarantee victory in a forthcoming battle.
Primitive 12 was generally done by many people moving in the same manner and direction. 13 all dances had leaders, solo dances 14 rare. Much use was made of 15 part of the body. And so 16 were these tribe dances that, if a native 17 miss a single step, he would be put to death 18 the spot. Fortunately, the same rigid 19 that governed the lives of these people do not apply in the 20 relaxed settings of today’s disco.
1. a. ever b. never c. before d. after
2. a. about b. for c. in d. around
3. a. forward b. back c. up d. down
4. a. at b. for c. of d. to
5. a. when b. why c. which d. what
6. a. about b. above c. under d. over
7. a. little b. great c. less d. least
8. a. to b. over c. of d. at
9. a. most b. first c. least d. last
10. a. cause b. happen c. try d. make
11. a. for b. of c. to d. at
12. a. food b. dance c. spells d. harvest
13. a. since b. despite c. thus d. although
14. a. are b. was c. were d. is
15. a. only b. every c. some d. all
16. a. comic b. boring c. solemn d. tiring
17. a. would b. should c. might d. could
18. a.in b.at c.on d.around
19. a. sticks b. messages c. reviews d. rules
20. a. less b. more c. least d. most
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. Mark your answers on answer sheet 1.(40 points)
Text 1
The story that traces life from sea to land then into the multiple niches that exist there for a great variety of living things is a fascinating one, but far too detailed for our purposes. One key point for us in that story is the emergence of the biological class of animals that are called mammals. Mammals have a number of features that distinguish them from the reptiles from which they developed. They are warm blooded; that is, they have a system of temperature control that keeps the body at a constant temperature. Mammals have a set of teeth of different shapes that serve different functions such as cutting, gouging, and grinding. Young mammals spend their earliest days of development shielded within the mother’s body and are then born alive, rather than hatching from eggs. In addition, after birth they are nourished by milk provided by the mother’s mammary glands. The enforced association between mother and infant provides an opportunity for learning that does not exist for those kinds of creatures that are hatched from eggs long after their parents have departed from the scene. Young mammals play something that amphibians and reptiles never do which provides additional learning opportunities.
The foregoing list leaves little doubt that we are mammals. There are, of course, a great many kinds of mammals, most of which developed after the great extinction of dinosaurs and other reptiles about 65 million years ago that opened opportunities for the few small mammals that were already in existence. One of the groups of mammals that resulted was a biological order called primates which includes monkeys, apes, humans, and some smaller creatures familiar only to ardent zoogoers. Primates share a number of behavioral features that have played important roles in their evolutionary development. Most primates are arboreal; that is, they spend their lives in and among trees. Their tree-climbing and tree-dwelling habits impose needs that are reflected in primate anatomy. Although diet varies from species to species, many primates are largely vegetarian. But they can eat and digest meat, and some species vary their diets of leaves, shoots, and fruits by eating insects, birds’ eggs, and even small animals. Primates are hand-feeders, depending on their hands both to collect food and to get it into their mouths. Perhaps the most important feature of their behavior is that primates are social animals. Their genetics, habits, and even their survival are geared to living in groups. Although human beings have come to have a way of life very different from that of typical primates, the basic primate adaptation provided prehuman with capabilities that allowed them to become culture-builders.
The anatomical features that separate primates from other kinds of animals relate clearly to the way primates behave.
21.Where do you think is the passage from?
a. newspaper. b. gazette. c. journal. d. science magazine.
22.Which of the following is not the features of mammals that distinguish them from the reptiles?
a.they’re warm-blooded.
b.they have a set of teeth of different shapes.
c.the first period of development of young mammals is within their mother’s body.
d.there’s some association between mother and infant.
23.Which can be inferred from the passage?
a.mammals developed from the reptiles.
b.the animals that are hatched from eggs have no opportunity for learning.
c.mammals developed at the cost of the extinction of reptiles.
d.not all the primates are mammals.
24.Primates are social animals because .
a.they are hand-feeders b.of their anatomical features
c.they are arboreal d.they depend on each other
25.What leads to the features of the primate anatomy?
a.their tree-climbing and tree-dwelling life.
b.their diet.
c.the way they behave.
d.the social emphasis in their life.
text 2
The study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences. Although it is true that to be a good social scientist you must know each of those components, you must also know how they interrelate. By specializing too early, many social scientists can lose sight of the interrelationships that are so essential to understanding modern problems. That’s why it is necessary to have a course covering all the social sciences. In fact, it would not surprise me if one day a news story such as the one above should appear.
The preceding passage placed you in the future. To understand how and when social science broke up, you must go into the past. Imagine for a moment that you’re a student in 1062, in the Italian city of Bologna, site of one of the first major universities in the western world. The university has no buildings. It consists merely of a few professors and students. There is no tuition fee. At the end of a professor’s lecture, if you like it, you pay. And if you don’t like it, the professor finds himself without students and without money. If we go back still earlier, say to Greece in the sixth century B. C., we can see the philosopher Socrates walking around the streets of Athens, arguing with his companions. He asks them questions, and then other questions, leading these people to reason the way he wants them to reason(this became known as the Socratic method).
Times have changed since then; universities sprang up throughout the world and created colleges within the universities. Oxford, one of the first universities, now has thirty colleges associated with it, and the development and formalization of educational institutions has changed the roles of both students and faculty. As knowledge accumulated, it became more and more difficult for one person to learn, let alone retain, it all. In the sixteenth century one could still aspire to know all there was to know, and the definition of the renaissance man(people were even more sexist then than they are now)was of one who was expected to know about everything.
Unfortunately, at least for someone who wants to know everything, the amount of information continues to grow exponentially while the size of the brain has grown only slightly. The way to deal with the problem is not to try to know everything about everything. Today we must specialize. That is why social science separated from the natural sciences and why it, in turn, has been broken down into various subfields, such as anthropology and sociology.
26.What is the main idea of this text?
a.social science is unified.
b.social science is a newborn science.
c.what is social science.
d.specialization in social science is not good.
27.What can we learn from the second paragraph?
a.Socrates can be regarded as the first social scientist in the western world.
b.the universities in Italy have no buildings.
c.Socrates created the"Socratic method".
d.Greece is not as civilized as Italy.
28.Why does the author say"people were even more sexist then than they are now"?
a.because they are so covetous that they want to know all there was to know.
b.because it is the Renaissance"man", not Renaissance"woman"or"human".
c.because no woman was formally educated at that time.
d.because all renaissance men were men.
29.What does the underlined word "exponentially" mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?
a. promisingly b. continuously c. drastically d. raidly
30.We can infer from the text that .
a.social science is a united science, and cannot be divided into subfields
b.social science may be further divided into smaller parts as the amount of knowledge and information expanding
c.there may be a renaissance man in the future
d.the best way to deal with the expansion of information is to know everything
text 3
To what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society to work, and how far has the state an obligation to ensure that they have work to do?
It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control, and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the rest of the community. But concern with unemployment and the unemployed varies sharply. The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and revitalized by the unemployment scare of 1971-2. Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round, so there were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out, and who was responsible for unemployment and the unemployed.
In 1972 there were critics who said that the state’s action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless act, a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker. Yet in the main any contribution by employers to unemployment such as laying off workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximize profits-tended to be ignored. And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honour the social contract, by not fulfilling their duty to society to work. In spite of general concern at the scale to the unemployment statistics, when the unemployed were considered as individuals, they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as members of society became suspect. Of all the myths of the welfare state, stories of the work-shy and borrowers have been the least well-founded on evidence, yet they have proved the most persistent. The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the state’s obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through social security.
Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service, not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the state, and supported if necessary? And apart from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work, so that the workless need work rather than just cash?
31.It is the author’s belief that .
a.unemployment must lead to inevitable depression of national economy
b.the unemployed are the victims of economical and social development
c.unemployment should be kept under the control of industrial forces
d.the unemployed are not entitled to share the benefits from technological progress
32.What the author proposes to examine is .
a.how far the unemployed are to blame for their failure in working and how far it is the state’s fault
b.to what extent the state should insist on the unemployed working if they fail to do so
c.whether being at work is a social duty which the state should ensure everybody carries out
d.whether work should be obligatory, and if so, whether the state or the individual is responsible for enforced obligation
33.The effect of the 1971-2 unemployment scare was to .
a.make people think for the first time about the problem of the availability of work
b.make concern for unemployment and the unemployed vary
c.make the subject of unemployment controversial again
d.show that there would in future be too little work to go round
34.According to the author, in the 1971-2 crisis .
a.the state and the employers were equally to blame for allowing unemployment to rise
b.the unemployed did not fulfill their social duty to find jobs
c.the role played by the employers in creating unemployment was not recognized
d.the state was guilty of breaking the social contract by letting unemployment increase
35.The basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society rests on the problem of whether or not .
a.the unemployed ought to be supported by society as a whole
b.the state should recognize that people work for more than just money
c.it is a service to provide people with work rather than cash
d.the state’s duty to provide work is as great as the individual’s duty to work
text 4
Successful business tend to continue implementing the ideas that made them successful. But in a rapidly changing world, ideas often become obsolete overnight. What worked in the past won’t necessarily work in the future. In order to thrive in the future, you must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business. In fact, you must continually generate new ideas just to keep your head above water. Businesses that aren’t creative about their future may not survive.
Although Bill Gates is the richest, most successful man on the planet, he did not anticipate the Internet. Now he’s scrambling to catch up. If Bill Gates can miss a major aspect of his industry, it can happen to you in your industry. Your business needs to continually innovate and create its future. Gates is now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft. Here’s what he said in a recent interview in U.S. news world report: "Will we be replaced tomorrow? No. In a very short time frame, Microsoft is an incredibly strong company. But when you look to the two-to-three-year time frame, I don’t think anyone can say with a straight face that any technology company has a guaranteed position. Not Intel, not Microsoft, not Compaq, not Dell, take any of your favorites. And that’s totally honest."
You may remember that in 1985 the cabbage patch kids dolls were the best selling toy on the market. But after Coleco industries introduced their sensational line of dolls they became complacent and didn’t create any new toys worth mentioning. As a result, Coleco went bankrupt in 1988.
The most successful businesses survive in the long term because they constantly reassess their situations and reinvest themselves accordingly. The 3M company has a 15 % rule: employees are encouraged to spend 15% of their time developing new ideas on any project they desire. It’s no surprise, then, that 3M has been around since 1902.
Most businesses are not willing to tear apart last year’s model of success and build a new one. Here’s a familiar analogy to explain why they are lulled into complacency, imagine that your business is like a pot of lobsters. To cook lobsters, you put them into a pot of warm water and gradually turn up the heat. The lobsters don’t realize they’re being cooked because the process is so gradual. As a result, they become complacent and die without a struggle. However, if you throw a lobster into the pot when the water is boiling, it will desperately try to escape. This lobster is not lulled by a slowly changing environment. It realizes instantly that it’s ill a bad environment and takes immediate action to change its status.
36.Judging from the context, "to keep your head above water"(paragraph 1) probably means .
a.to be drown
b.to keep out of financial difficulty
c.to keep away from danger
d.to protect you from water
37.Why is gates now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft?
a.because he is the richest, most successful man on the planet.
b.because his company will be replaced tomorrow.
c.because in a very short time frame, Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.
d.because he doesn’t think that any technology company has a guaranteed position.
38.Coleco industries’ case suggests that .
a.the cabbage patch kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the market
b.the cabbage patch kids dolls are sensational line of dolls
c.complacency and lack of creation will ultimately ruin a business
d.the most successful businesses survive in the long term
39.According to this passage, the 3M company’s success lies in its .
a.constant reassessment of their situations
b.reinvention
c.15% rule
d.being around since 1902
40.By using the analogy of "throwing a lobster into a pot", the author tries to imply that .
a.some managers are really foolish people
b.it’s cruel to cook lobsters
c.people are tend to become complacent
d.bad environment calls for immediate action
Part B
Directions:
In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list a—g to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.
Enlightenment is man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use one’s intelligence without the guidance of another.
Such immaturity is self-caused if it is not caused by lack of intelligence, but by lack of determination and courage to use one’s intelligence without being guided by another. Have the courage to use your own intelligence! Is therefore the motto of the enlightenment.
Through laziness and cowardice a large part of mankind, even after nature has freed them from alien guidance, gladly remain immature. It is because of laziness and cowardice that it is so easy for others to usurp the role of guardians. It is so comfortable to be a minor! 41)___________________________________. The guardians who have kindly undertaken the supervision will see to it that by far the largest part of mankind, including the entire beautiful sex, should consider the step into maturity, not only as difficult but as very dangerous.
After having made their domestic animals dumb and having carefully prevented these quiet creatures from daring to take any step beyond the lead-strings to which they have fastened them, these guardians then show them the danger which threatens them, should they attempt to walk alone. Now this danger is not really so very great; for they would presumably learn to walk after some stumbling. 42)______________________.
It is difficult for the isolated individual to work himself out of the immaturity which has become almost natural for him. He has even become fond of it and for the time being is incapable of employing his own intelligence, because he has never been allowed to make the attempt. Statues and formulas, these mechanical tools of a serviceable use, or rather misuse, of his natural faculties, are the ankle-chains of a continuous immaturity. Whoever threw it off would make an uncertain jump over the smallest trench because he is not accustomed to such free movement. 43)__________________________________.
44)_______________________________________. For there will always be some people who think for themselves, even among the self-appointed guardians of the great mass who, after having thrown off the yoke of immaturity themselves, will spread about them the spirit of a reasonable estimate of their own value and of the need for every man to think for himself……
45)_____________________________________________. Through revolution, the abandonment of personal despotism may be engendered and the end of profit-seeking and domineering oppression may occur, but never a true reform of the state of mind. Instead, new prejudices, just like the old ones, will serve as the guiding reins of the great, unthinking mass.
a public can only arrive at enlightenment slowly.
but it is more nearly possible for a public to enlighten itself: this is even inescapable if only the public is given its freedom.
if I have a book which provides meaning for me, a pastor who has conscience for me, a doctor who will judge my diet for me and so on, then I do not need to exert myself. I do not have any need to think; if I can pay, others will take over the tedious job for me.
all that is required for this enlightenment is freedom; and particularly the least harmful of that may be called freedom, namely, the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters.
however, an example of this kind intimidates and frightens people out of all further attempts.
much still prevents men from being placed in a position to use their own minds securely and well in matters of religion.
therefore there are only a few who have pursued a firm path and have succeeded in escaping from immaturity by their own cultivation of the mind.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. your translation should be written clearly on answer sheet 2. (10 points)
There can be no doubt that the computer revolution has touched virtually every person in the country in some way or other.
Nor can there be any doubt that it has brought tremendous improvements in productivity and efficiency. 46) Indeed, there are many tasks undertaken by computers that could not be done without them, and we have reached the point that the benefits of computerization are taken lot granted. Having accepted that computers are here to stay, what is the downside? 47) The most obvious answer is that because of increased efficiency, less people are needed and the loss of jobs, particularly in the service industries, has been enormous, with more job losses yet to come.
However, on a more insidious note, many users have not realized how computers have introduced vulnerability to their business. If computers are soon a boon, how do we cope when something goes wrong?
Computers have many uses, varying from pure accounting or back-office systems to stock or production control, or computer-aided design or manufacturing. 48)In many instances, manual systems can quickly be introduced to ensure some continuity of the business; but in many cases if the computer is down, so is the business.
The most probable causes of interruption in the past have been accidental damage or breakdown, and these can usually be dealt with expeditiously. However, in recent times the exposure causing most concern to insurers have been theft.
49) Initially the problem was the theft of PCs, and because most of these were based in offices which had not been targeted by thieves in the past, and thus had relatively poor security, losses mounted very quickly. It was common practice for a thief to make a fresh visit once the equipment had been replaced, as the new equipment would be more attractive due to rapid technological advances. The equipment would usually be covered by insurance, but problems could be experienced if there were no back-ups of date and/or programmes.
The initial reaction by insurers was to step up requests for security improvements, including alarms and devices such as lock-down plates or cables.50)However, the criminal fraternity quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable, so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft. this led to even greater demands for security, including encapsulation and computer safes.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
The walkman you bought a month before is broken down. Write to the manufacturer’s service department. The letter should include:
1)the problem of the walkman
2)ask for warranty
3)remind them of the enclosure (s)
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "John Smith" instead. You do not need to write the addess. (10 points)
Part B
52.Directions:
(1)Title: Competition and Cooperation
(2)Word limit: about 200 words
(3)Your composition should be based on the Outlines below.
Outlines:
(1)The phenomenon of competition and cooperation
(2)The function of competition and cooperation
(3)Man can develop continuously with competition and cooperation
页:
[1]