2019考研MTI语言学·第一部分·语言与语言学(一)
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Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
communication. This definition has captured the
main features of language, i. e. human-specific, vocal, arbitrary,
symbolic, systematic.
1.语言
1) 语言的定义
语言是人类用以口头交流的任意的符号系统。该定义包含五个要素：人类的、口头的、任意的、符号的、系统的。
① Human-specific: Language is different from the communication systems of
other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dances, animal cries.
①人类的：语言不同于其他生命所拥有的交流系统，例如：鸟儿的歌唱，蜜蜂的舞蹈，动物的叫声。
② Vocal: The primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came
much later than spoken form.
②口头的：对所有语言而言，声音是最主要的媒介;书写系统晚于口头形式出现。
③ Arbitrary: There is no intrinsic connection between the word and the
thing it denotes, e. g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write
with.
③任意的：单词与其所指事物没有内在联系，例：“钢笔”不管叫什么名字都是指我们书写用的笔。
④ Symbolic: Words are associated with objects, actions and ideas by
convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”-Shakespeare
④符号的：单词与其所指物体、行为以及想法的联系是约定俗成的。“玫瑰不叫玫瑰，依然芳香如故。”—莎士比亚。
⑤ Systematic: Language is rule-governed; elements in it are arranged
according to certain rules and can’t be combined at will. E.g. * bkli, * I apple
eat are incorrect.
⑤系统的：语言是受规则支配的，语言要素根据某种规则排列，不可随意组合，例：bkli, I apple eat.是错误的。
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