厦门大学2005年英美文学、语言学考研真题
2015年硕士研究生招生考试有很多变化，具体可归纳为考试时间将提前一周、全国各省份分区划复试线、专业突出者允许破格复试三个变化。对于广大考研学习来说，提前进入考前冲刺模式。但不管招生政策如何变化，考研真题仍然是同学们考研复习的必备资料。以下是厦门大学2005年阅读及英美文学、语言学专业课考研真题试卷(回忆版)。厦门大学2005年阅读及英美文学、语言学专业课
考研真题试卷(回忆版)
Write down your answers to all the questions inthis test in separate blank
answer sheetsprovided at your test center.
Part One Reading Comprehension 70 points
Directions: Each passage is followed by questionsbased on its content.
After reading the passage,choose the best answer to each question. Answer
allquestions following the passage on the basis of whatis stated or implied in
that passage.
Passage 1
The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will
eventually produce agradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed
forces and in the variety ofwomen’s assignments, but probably not the dramatic
gains for women that might have beenexpected. This is so even though the armed
forces operate in an ethos of institutionalchange oriented toward occupational
equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay forequal work. The
difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct
combatoperations. A significant portion of the larger society remains
uncomfortable as yet withextending equality in this direction. Therefore, for
women in the military, the search for equalitywill still be based on functional
equivalence, not identity or even similarity of task.Opportunities seem certain
to arise. The growing emphasis on deterrence is bound to offerincreasing scope
for women to become involved in novel types of non-combat
militaryassignments.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present an overview of the different types of assignments available to
women in the newUnited States all-volunteer armed forces
(B) present a reasoned prognosis of the status of women in the new United
States all-volunteer armed forces
(C) present the new United States all-volunteer armed forces as a model
case of equalemployment policies in action
(D) analyze the use of functional equivalence as a substitute for
occupational equality inthe new United States all-volunteer armed forces
2. According to the passage, despite the United States armed forces’
commitment tooccupational equality for women in the military, certain other
factors preclude women’s
(A) receiving equal pay for equal work
(B)having access to positions of responsibility at most levels
(C)drawing assignments from a wider range of assignments than before
(D)benefiting from opportunities arising from new non-combat functions
3. The passage implies that which of the following is a factor conducive to
a more equitablerepresentation of women in the United States armed forces than
has existed in the past?
(A)The all-volunteer character of the present armed forces
(B)The past service records of women who had assignments functionally
equivalent to men’sassignments
(C)The level of awareness on the part of the larger society of military
issues
(D)A decline in the proportion of deterrence oriented non-combat
assignments
4.The “dramatic gains for women” (line 2) and the attitude, as described in
lines 11-12, of a“significant portion of the larger society” are logically
related to each other inasmuch as theauthor puts forward the latter as
(A) a public response to achievement of the former
(B) the major reason for absence of the former
(C) a precondition for any prospect of achieving the former
(D) a catalyst for a further extension of the former
Passage 2
Of the thousands of specimens of meteorites found on Earth and known to
science, only about100 are igneous; that is, they have undergone melting by
volcanic action at some time sincethe planets were first formed. These igneous
meteorites are known as achondrites becausethey lack chondrules—small stony
spherules found in the thousands of meteorites (called“chondrites”) composed
primarily of unaltered minerals that condensed from dust and gas atthe origin of
the solar system. Achondrites are the only known samples of volcanic
rocksoriginating outside the Earth-Moon system. Most are thought to have been
dislodged byinterbody impact from asteroids, with diameters of from 10 to 500
kilometers, in solar orbitbetween Mars and Jupiter.
Shergottites, the name given to three anomalous achondrites so far
discovered on Earth,present scientists with a genuine enigma. Shergottites
crystallized from molten rock lessthan 1.1 billion years ago (some 3.5 billion
years later than typical achondrites) and werepresumably ejected into space when
an object impacted on a body similar in chemicalcomposition to Earth.
While most meteorites appear to derive from comparatively small bodies,
shergottites exhibitproperties that indicate that their source was a large
planet, conceivably Mars. In order toaccount for such an unlikely source, some
unusual factor must be invoked, because theimpact needed to accelerate a
fragment of rock to escape the gravitational field of a bodyeven as small as the
Moon is so great that no meteorites of lunar origin have been discovered.
While some scientists speculate that shergottites derive from Io (a
volcanically active moon ofJupiter), recent measurements suggest that since Io’s
surface is rich in sulfur and sodium, thechemical composition of its volcanic
products would probably be unlike that of theshergottites. Moreover, any
fragments dislodged from Io by interbody impact would beunlikely to escape the
gravitational pull of Jupiter.
The only other logical source of shergottites is Mars. Space-probe
photographs indicate theexistence of giant volcanoes on the Martian surface.
From the small number of impact cratersthat appear on Martian lava flows, one
can estimate that the planet was volcanically active asrecently as a
half-billion years ago—and may be active today. The great objection to
theMartian origin of shergottites is the absence of lunar meteorites on Earth.
An impact capableof ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an
Earth-intersecting orbit is even lessprobable than such an event on the Moon, in
view of the Moon’s smaller size and closerproximity to Earth. A recent study
suggests, however, that permafrost ices below the surfaceof Mars may have
altered the effects of impact on it. If the ices had been rapidly vaporized byan
impacting object, the expanding gases might have helped the ejected fragments
reachescape velocity. Finally, analyses performed by space probes show a
remarkable chemicalsimilarity between Martian soil and the shergottites.
5. The passage implies which of the following about shergottites?
I. They are products of volcanic activity.
II. They derive from a planet larger than Earth.
III. They come from a planetary body with a chemical composition similar to
that of Io.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
6. According to the passage, a meteorite discovered on Earth is unlikely to
have come from alarge planet for which of the following reasons?
(A) There are fewer large planets in the solar system than there are
asteroids.
(B) Most large planets have been volcanically inactive for more than a
billion years.
(C) The gravitational pull of a large planet would probably prohibit
fragments from escapingits orbit.
(D) There are no chondrites occurring naturally on Earth and probably none
on other largeplanets.
7. The passage suggests that the age of shergottites is probably
(A) still entirely undetermined
(B) less than that of most other achondrites
(C) about 3.5 billion years
(D) the same as that of typical achondrites
8. According to the passage, the presence of chondrules in a meteorite
indicates that themeteorite
(A) has probably come from Mars
(B) is older than the solar system itself
(C) has not been melted since the solar system formed
(D) is certainly less than 4 billion years old
9. The passage provides information to answer which of the following
questions?
(A) What is the precise age of the solar system?
(B) How did shergottites get their name?
(C) What are the chemical properties shared by shergottites and Martian
soils?
(D) What is a major feature of the Martian surface?
10. It can be inferred from the passage that each of the following is a
consideration indetermining whether a particular planet is a possible source of
shergottites that have beendiscovered on Earth EXCEPT the
(A) planet’s size
(B) planet’s distance from Earth
(C) strength of the planet’s field of gravity
(D) proximity of the planet to its moons
27. It can be inferred from the passage that most mete-orites found on
Earth contain whichof the following?
(A) Crystals
(B) Chondrules
(C) Metals
(D) Sodium
Passage 3
The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally
involves two majorproblems: organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation
antigens of both individuals arenearly identical, and (2) the introduction of
any unmatched transplantation antigens inducesthe development by the recipient
of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violentrejection of further
transplantations from that donor. However, we have found that amongmany strains
of rats these “normal” rules of transplantation are not obeyed by
livertransplants. Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even
induce a state ofdonor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants
of other organs, such asskin, from that donor are accepted permanently. Our
hypothesis is that (1) many strains ofrats simply cannot mount a sufficiently
vigorous destructive immune-response (usinglymphocytes) to outstrip the liver’s
relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that
(2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due toconcentration of the
recipient’s donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the livertransplant.
12. The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the accepted
generalizations about organtransplantation in which of the following ways?
(A) Explicate their main features
(B) Suggest an alternative to them
(C) Examine their virtues and limitations
(D) Criticize the major evidence used to support them
13. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that an
important differenceamong strains of rats is the
(A) size of their livers
(B) constitution of their skin
(C) strength of their immune-response reactions
(D) sensitivity of their antigens
14. According to the hypothesis of the author, after a successful liver
transplant, the reasonthat rats do not reject further transplants of other
organs from the same donor is that the
(A) transplantation antigens of the donor and the recipient become
matched
(B) lymphocytes of the recipient are weakened by the activity of the
transplanted liver
(C) subsequently transplanted organ is able to repair the damage caused by
the recipient’simmune-response reaction
(D) transplanted liver continues to be the primary locus for the
recipient’s immune-responsereaction
15. Which of the following new findings about strains of rats that do not
normally reject livertransplants if true, would support the authors’
hypothesis?
I. Stomach transplants are accepted by the recipients in all cases.
II. Increasing the strength of the recipient’s immune-response reaction can
induce liver-transplant rejection.
III. Organs from any other donor can be transplanted without rejection
after livertransplantation.
IV. Preventing lymphocytes from being concentrated at the liver transplant
producesacceptance of skin transplants.
(A) II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and IV only
(D) I, II, and III only
Passage 4
Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the
single-handed achievement ofDavid W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith,
photography in dramatic films consisted of littlemore than placing the actors
before a stationary camera and showing them in full length asthey would have
appeared on stage. From the beginning of his career as a director,
however,Griffith, because of his love of Victorian painting, employed
composition. He conceived of thecamera image as having a foreground and a rear
ground, as well as the middle distancepreferred by most directors. By 1910 he
was using close-ups to reveal significant details of thescene or of the acting
and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and distance.His
appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic effects. By
splitting anevent into fragments and recording each from the most suitable
camera position, he couldsignificantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to
camera shot.
Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By
juxtaposing imagesand varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he
could control the dramaticintensity of the events as the story progressed.
Despite the reluctance of his producers, whofeared that the public would not be
able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposedimages, Griffith
persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntaxthat
have become standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting
broadpsychological and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not
chronological,and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense
and excitement. In thusexploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith
transposed devices of the Victorian novel tofilm and gave film mastery of time
as well as space.
Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its
range andtreatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it
included not only thestandard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but
also such novelties as adaptationsfrom Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of
social issues. As his successes mounted, hisambitions grew, and with them the
whole of American cinema. When he remade Enoch Arden in1911, he insisted that a
subject of such importance could not be treated in the thenconventional length
of one reel. Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multireel picturebegan
an immense revolution. Two years later, Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate
historicphilosophical spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels,
or one hour’srunning time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of
this film may seem a trifleludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate
and discussion and gave a newintellectual respectability to the cinema.
16. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) discuss the importance of Griffith to the development of the cinema
(B) describe the impact on cinema of the flashback and other editing
innovations
(C) deplore the state of American cinema before the advent of Griffith
(D) analyze the changes in the cinema wrought by the introduction of the
multireel film
17. The author suggests that Griffith’s film innovations had a direct
effect on all of the followingEXCEPT
(A) film editing
(B) camera work
(C) scene composing
(D) sound editing
18. It can be inferred from the passage that before 1910 the normal running
time of a film was
(A) 15 minutes or less
(B) between 15 and 30 minutes
(C) between 30 and 45 minutes
(D) between 45 minutes and 1 hour
19. The author asserts that Griffith introduced all of the following into
American cinema EXCEPT
(A) consideration of social issues
(B) adaptations from Tennyson
(C) the flashback and other editing techniques
(D) dramatic plots suggested by Victorian theater
20. The author suggests that Griffith’s contributions to the cinema had
which of the followingresults?
I. Literary works, especially Victorian novels, became popular sources for
film subjects.
II. Audience appreciation of other film directors’ experimentations with
cinematic syntax wasincreased.
III. Many of the artistic limitations thought to be inherent in filmmaking
were shown to bereally nonexistent.
(A) II only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
21. It can be inferred from the passage that Griffith would be most likely
to agree with which ofthe following statements?
(A) The good director will attempt to explore new ideas as quickly as
possible.
(B) The most important element contributing to a film’s success is the
ability of the actors.
(C) The camera must be considered an integral and active element in the
creation of a film.
(D) The cinema should emphasize serious and sober examinations of
fundamental humanproblems.
22. The author’s attitude toward photography in the cinema before Griffith
can best bedescribed as
(A) sympathetic
(B) nostalgic
(C) amused
(D) condescending
Passage 5
Historically, a cornerstone of classical empiricism has been the notion
that every truegeneralization must be confirmable by specific observations. In
classical empiricism, thetruth of “All balls are red,” for example, is assessed
by inspecting balls; any observation of anon red ball refutes unequivocally the
proposed generalization. For W.V.O. Quine, however,this constitutes an overly
“narrow” conception of empiricism. “All balls are red,” he maintains,forms one
strand within an entire web of statements (our knowledge); individual
observationscan be referred only to this web as a whole. As new observations are
collected, he explains,they must be integrated into the web. Problems occur only
if a contradiction develops betweena new observation, say, “That ball is blue,”
and the preexisting statements. In that case, heargues, any statement or
combination of statements (not merely the “offending”generalization, as in
classical empiricism) can be altered to achieve the fundamentalrequirement, a
system free of contradictions, even if, in some cases, the alteration consists
oflabeling the new observation a “hallucination.”
23. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with presenting
(A) criticisms of Quine’s views on the proper conceptualization of
empiricism
(B) evidence to support Quine’s claims about the problems inherent in
classical empiricism
(C) an account of Quine’s counterproposal to one of the traditional
assumptions of classicalempiricism
(D) an overview of classical empiricism and its contributions to Quine’s
alternate under-standing of empiricism
24. According to Quine’s conception of empiricism, if a new observation
were to contradictsome statement already within our system of knowledge, which
of the following would be true?
(A) The new observation would be rejected as untrue.
(B) Both the observation and the statement in our system that it
contradicted would bediscarded.
(C) New observations would be added to our web of statements in order to
expand our systemof knowledge.
(D) The observation or some part of our web of statements would need to be
adjusted toresolve the contradiction.
25. As described in the passage, Quine’s specific argument against
classical empiricism wouldbe most strengthened if he did which of the
following?
(A) Provided evidence that many observations are actually
hallucinations.
(B) Explained why new observations often invalidate preexisting
generalizations.
(C) Challenged the mechanism by which specific generalizations are derived
from collections ofparticular observations.
(D) Mentioned other critics of classical empiricism and the substance of
their approaches.
26. It can be inferred from the passage that Quine considers classical
empiricism to be “overly‘narrow’ ” (lines 3-4) for which of the following
reasons?
I. Classical empiricism requires that our system of generalizations be free
of contradictions.
II. Classical empiricism demands that in the case of a contradiction
between an individualobservation and a generalization, the generalization must
be abandoned.
III. Classical empiricism asserts that every observation will either
confirm an existinggeneralization or initiate a new generalization.
(A) II only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) I, II, and III
Passage 6
Until recently astronomers have been puzzled by the fate of red giant and
supergiant stars.When the core of a giant star whose mass surpasses 1.4 times
the present mass of our Sun(M⊙) exhausts its nuclear fuel, it is unable to
support its own weight and collapses into a tinyneutron star. The gravitational
energy released during this implosion of the core blows offthe remainder of the
star in a gigantic explosion, or a supernova. Since around 50 percentof all
stars are believed to begin their lives with masses greater than 1.4M⊙, we might
expectthat one out of every two stars would die as a supernova. But in fact,
only one star in thirtydies such a violent death. The rest expire much more
peacefully as planetary nebulas.Apparently most massive stars manage to lose
sufficient material that their masses dropbelow the critical value of 1.4
M⊙before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.
Evidence supporting this view comes from observations of IRC+10216, a
pulsating giant starlocated 700 light-years away from Earth. A huge rate of mass
loss (1 M⊙ every 10,000 years)has been deduced from infrared observations of
ammonia (NH3) molecules located in thecircumstellar cloud around IRC+10216.
Recent microwave observations of carbon monoxide(CO) molecules indicate a
similar rate of mass loss and demonstrate that the escapingmaterial extends
out-ward from the star for a distance of at least one light-year. Because weknow
the size of the cloud around IRC+10216 and can use our observations of either
NH3 orCO to measure the outflow velocity, we can calculate an age for the
circumstellar cloud.IRC+10216 has apparently expelled, in the form of molecules
and dust grains, a mass equal tothat of our entire Sun within the past ten
thousand years. This implies that some stars canshed huge amounts of matter very
quickly and thus may never expire as supernovas.Theoretical models as well as
statistics on supernovas and planetary nebulas suggest thatstars that begin
their lives with masses around 6 M⊙ shed sufficient material to drop belowthe
critical value of 1.4M⊙. IRC+10216, for example, should do this in a mere 50,000
yearsfrom its birth, only an instant in the life of a star.
But what place does IRC+10216 have in stellar evolution? Astronomers
suggest that starslike IRC+10216 are actually “protoplanetary nebulas” –old
giant stars whose dense cores havealmost but not quite rid themselves of the
fluffy envelopes of gas around them. Once the starhas lost the entire envelope,
its exposed core becomes the central star of the planetarynebula and heats and
ionizes the last vestiges of the envelope as it flows away into space.
Thisconfiguration is a full-fledged planetary nebula, long familiar to optical
astronomers.
27. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) offer a method of calculating the age of circum-stellar clouds
(B) describe the conditions that result in a star’s expiring as a
supernova
(C) discuss new evidence concerning the composition of planetary
nebulas
(D) explain why fewer stars than predicted expire as supernovas
28. The passage implies that at the beginning of the life of IRC+10216, its
mass wasapproximately
(A) 7.0 M⊙
(B) 6.0 M⊙
(C) 5.0 M⊙
(D) 1.4 M⊙
29. The view to which line 18 refers serves to
(A) reconcile seemingly contradictory facts
(B) undermine a previously held theory
(C) take into account data previously held to be insignificant
(D) resolve a controversy
30. It can be inferred from the passage that the author assumes which of
the following in thediscussion of the rate at which IRC+10216 loses mass?
(A) The circumstellar cloud surrounding IRC+10216 consists only of CO and
NH3 molecules.
(B) The circumstellar cloud surrounding IRC+10216 consists of material
expelled from that star.
(C) The age of a star is equal to that of its circumstellar cloud.
(D) The rate at which IRC+10216 loses mass varies significantly from year
to year.
31. According to information provided by the passage, which of the
following stars wouldastronomers most likely describe as a planetary nebula?
(A) A star that began its life with a mass of 5.5 M⊙, has exhausted its
nuclear fuel, andhas acore that is visible to astronomers
(B) A star that began its life with a mass of 6 M⊙, lost mass at a rate of
1 M⊙ per 10,000years, and exhausted its nuclear fuel in 40,000 years
(C) A star that has exhausted its nuclear fuel, has a mass of 1.2 M⊙, and
is surrounded by acircumstellar cloud that obscures its core from view
(D) A star that began its life with a mass greater than 6 M⊙, has just
recently exhausted itsnuclear fuel, and is in the process of releasing massive
amounts of gravitational energy
32. Which of the following statements would be most likely to follow the
last sentence of thepassage?
(A) Supernovas are not necessarily the most spectacular events that
astronomers haveoccasion to observe.
(B) Apparently, stars that have a mass of greater than 6 M⊙ are somewhat
rare.
(C) Recent studies of CO and NH3 in the circumstellar clouds of stars
similar to IRC+10216 haveled astronomers to believe that the formation of
planetary nebulas precedes the developmentof supernovas.
(D) Astronomers have yet to develop a consistently accurate method for
measuring the rateat which a star exhausts its nuclear fuel.
33. Which of the following titles best summarizes the content of the
passage?
(A) New Methods of Calculating the Age of Circumstellar Clouds
(B) New Evidence Concerning the Composition of Planetary Nebulas
(C) Protoplanetary Neula: A Rarely Observed Phenomenon
(D) Planetary Nebulas: An Enigma to Astronomers
Passage 7
Noses have it pretty hard. Boxers fatten them. Doctors rearrange them.
People make jokesabout their unflattering characteristics. Worst of all, when it
comes to smell, no one reallyunderstands them.
Despite the nose’s conspicuous presence, its workings are subtle. Smell, or
olfaction is achemosense, relying on specialized interactions between chemicals
and nerve endings. When arose, for example, is sniffed, odor molecules are
carried by the rising airstream to the top ofthe nasal cavity, just behind the
bridge of the nose, where the tips of the tens of millions ofolfactory nerve
cells are clustered in the mucous lining. The molecules somehow trigger thenerve
endings, which carry the message to the olfactory lobes of the brain. Because
smellinformation then travels to other regions of the brain, the scent of a rose
can elicit not only apleasurable sensation but emotions and memories as
well.
Though just how odors stimulate the nerves is unknown, scientists do know
that our senseof smell is surprisingly keen, capable of distinguishing up to
tens of thousands of chemicalodors. The laboratory task of isolating the
components of an odor is far from simple. Tobaccosmoke, for example, is made up
of several thousand different chemicals. Moreover, smellresearchers must grapple
with the problem of what to call the different odors that the nosedetects.
People generally refer to smells by their sources of associations. Descriptions
such as“like a wet dog” or “like my elementary school” may convey perceptions
but are vastlyinadequate for labeling the chemistry involved.
To further complicate research, olfaction is connected to other sensations.
Besides olfactorynerves, the nasal cavity contains pain-sensitive nerves that
perceive sensations such as thekick in ammonia of the burning in chili peppers.
Smell also interwines with taste to create flavor.A coffee drinker holding his
nose while sipping would taste only the bitter in his brew, for tastereceptors
generally appear limited to bitter, salty, sour and sweet. The sense of smell is
tenthousand times more sensitive than taste and makes subtle distinctions among
lemon,chocolate, and many more flavors.
So how does the nose manage this sophisticated discrimination? Lake of
evidence hasn’tkept scientists from speculating. One idea is that every odor
molecule vibrates at its ownfrequency, creating patterns of disturbance in the
air similar to the wave patterns produced bysound. According to this theory, the
nerves act as receivers for the unique vibrations of everyodor molecule. The
scheme requires no direct contact between the molecule and the nervecell.
Another suggestion is that primary odors, equivalent to the primary color s
of vision underlieall smells and are detected by receptor sites on the olfactory
nerves. Different combinations ofabout thirty basic smells, with labels such as
malty, minty, and musky, could form an infinitenumber of odors.
Other scientists think that each smell is its own primary smell. They
believe the olfactory nerveendings have specific receptor proteins that bind to
each of the chemicals people can sense.This theory, however, calls for thousands
of different proteins – none of which has been found.
“The science of smell is so empirical, ”says Robert Gesteland, a
neurobiologist at NorthwesternUniversity, “there’s no predictive base for
experiments.” Unlike the senses of sight, touch, andhearing, olfaction studies
have attracted only a small share of scientific interest. That maychange.
Researchers hope that unraveling the mystery of smell and taste disorders that
affecttwo million Americans. And in the future, with enough known about smell,
it might be possibleto endow strange, unappealing but nutritious foods with more
familiar odors, perhapsexpanding the world’s food supply. For the moment,
however, what the nose knows it isn’trevealing.
34. We may conclude from this passage that
(A) our sense of smell is as important as any of our other senses
(B) each smell is its primary smell
(C) olfactory study has become a major research area
(D) there is much more to be learned about the nose
35. According to the passage the only statement which is not true is
(A) doctors use smell research to better understand taste disorders
(B) significant progress has been made in separating the various proteins
in the nerve endings
(C) smell researchers have difficulty in labeling different odors
(D) our sense of taste is not nearly as acute as our sense of smell
36. Which of the following sentences from the passage illustrates the need
for further research?
(A) Smell also interwines with taste to create flavor.
(B) The molecules somehow trigger the nerve endings, which carry the
message to theolfactory lobes of the brain.
(C) The science of smell is so empirical, there’s no predictive base for
experiments
(D) Smell, or olfaction, is a chemosense, relying on specialized
interactions between chemicalsand nerve endings
37. In attempting to analyze the intricacies of smell discrimination, some
scientists havesuggested
I. that odor molecules work in the same way that sound waves do
II. that primary odors, which are inherent in all smells, are communicated
to receptor sites onthe olfactory nerves
III. that recognition takes place as the molecule stimulates the nerve
cell
(A) II only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) I, II, and III
38. The author attempts to lighten this serious biological report by means
of
(A) the incongruity of widespread smell research
(B) similes such as “like a wet dog”
(C) the opening and closing statements
(D) the confession of our basic ignorance
39. The comparison of a smell to a person’s elementary school was made in
order to
(A) illustrate a unique perception
(B) show how imagery may be employed in a lab situation
(C) point out the uselessness of such a description to scientists
(D) personalize a complicated topic
(E) maintain the reader’s interest
40. According to the passage, we can find massive quantities of olfactory
nerve cells
(A) in every chemosense
(B) on the brain lobes
(C) behind the bridge of the nose
(D) in special taste receptors
42. The broadest example of a major problem facing smell researchers is
contained with
(A) the reference to tabbacco smoke
(B) he reference to the rose
(C) the coffee drinker’s experience
(D) Robert Gesteland’s statement
Passage 8
In recommending to the board of trustees a tuition increase of $500 per
year, the President ofthe university said: “There were no student demonstrations
over the previous increase of $300last year and $200 the year before.”
42. If the President’s statement is accurate, which of the following can be
validly inferredfrom the information given?
I. Most students in previous years felt that the increases were justified
because of increasedoperating costs
II. Student apathy was responsible for the failure of students to protest
the previous tuitionincreases.
III. Students are not likely to demonstrate over the new tuition
increases.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I or II, but not both
(D) Neither I, II, and III
Passage 9
A meadow in springtime is beautiful, even if no one there to appreciate
it.
43. The statement above would be a logical rebuttal to which of the
following claims?
(A) People will see only what they want to see.
(B) Beauty is only skin deep.
(C) There’s no accounting for taste.
(D) Beauty exists only in the eye of the beholder.
Passage 10
“I have considered the structure of all Volant animals, and find the
folding continuity of thebat’s wings most easily accommodated to the human form.
Upon this model I shall begin mytask tomorrow, and in a year expect to tower
into the air beyond the malice or pursuit of man.But I will work only this
condition, that the art shall not be divulged, and that you shall notrequire me
to make wings for any but ourselves. ”
“Why,” said Rasselas, “should you envy others so great an advantage? All
skill ought to beexerted for universal good; every man has owed much to others,
and ought to repay thekindness that he has received.”
“If men were all virtuous,” returned the artist, “I should with great
alacrity teach them all tofly. But what would be the security of the good, if
the bad could at pleasure invade them fromthe sky? Against an army sailing might
though the clouds neither wall, nor mountains, nor seas,could afford any
security. A flight of northern savages might hover in the wind, and light atonce
with irresistible violence upon the capital of a fruitful region that was
descent of some ofthe naked nations that swarm on the coast of the southern
sea.”
44. The person whom Rasselas is speaking to is
(A) a tailor
(B) a gamber
(C) a biologist
(D) an artist
45. The attitude of the persion giving his point of view is one of
(A) optimism
(B) sarcasm
(C) distrust
(D) innocence
46. In this selection, the author is employing the literary device of
(A) onomatopoeia
(B) symbolism
(C) irony
(D) alliteration
Passage 11
In country X, the Conservative, Democratic and Justice parties have fought
three civil wars intwenty years. To restore stability, an agreement is reached
to rotate the tip offices –President, Prime Minister, and Army Chief of
Staff-among the parties, so that each partycontrols one and only one Office at
all times. The three top office holders must each have twodeputies, one from
each of the other parties. Each deputy must choose a staff composedequally of
members of his or her chief’s party and members of the third party.
47. When the Justice party holds one of the top offices, which of the
following cannot be true?
(A) Some of the staff members within that Office are Justice Party
members
(B) Some of the staff members within that Office are Democratic Party
members
(C) Two of the deputies within that Office are Justice Party members
(D) Two of the deputies within that Office are Conservative Party
members
48. When the Democratic Party holds the Presidency, the staffs of the Prime
Minister’s deputiesare composed of
I. one-fourth of Democratic Party members
II. one-half of Justice Party members, one-fourth of Conservative Party
members
III. one-half of Conservative Party members, one-fourth of Justice Party
members
(A) I only
(B) I and II only
(C) II or III, but not both
(D) I and II or I and III
49. Which of the following is allowable under the rules as stated?
(A) More than half of the staff within a given Office belonging to a single
party.
(B) Half the staff members within a given Office belonging to a single
party.
(C) Any person having a member of the same party as his or her immediate
superior
(D) Half the total number of staff members in all three Offices belonging
to a single party.
50. The Office of the Army Chief of Staff passes from the Conservatives to
the Justice Party.Which of the following must be fired?
(A) The Democratic deputy and all staff members belonging to the Justice
Party
(B) Justice Party deputy and all of his or her staff members
(C) Justice Party deputy and all of his or her staff members belonging to
the ConservativeParty.
(D) Conservative Party deputy and all of his or her staff members belonging
to theConservative Party.
Passage 12
By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental
experience appearedrather discouraging. Such variations in size, shape,
chemistry, conduction speed, excitationthreshold, and the like as had been
demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible insignificance for any possible
correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that
different modes ofsensation, such as pain, taste, and color, might be correlated
with the discharge of specifickinds of nervous energy. However, subsequently
developed methods of recording andanalyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal
any such qualitative diversity. It was possible todemonstrate by other methods
refined structural differences among neuron types; however,proof was lacking
that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by
thesedifferences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning
of the neuralcircuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was
never rigidly disproved, thedoctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the
opposing view, namely, that nerve impulsesare essentially homogeneous in quality
and are transmitted as “common currency”throughout the nervous system. According
to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensorynerve impulses that
determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but ratherthe
different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some
evidence for thisview. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied
to a given sensory field of thecerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it
produced a sensation of the appropriatemodality for that particular locus, that
is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, anauditory sensation from the
auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slightvariations in the
size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as faras
psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these
sensory fieldsto each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute
differences.
However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to have little explanatory
value. Studies showedthat sensations as diverse as those of red, black, green,
and white, or touch, cold, warmth,movement, pain, posture, and pressure
apparently may arise through activation of the samecortical areas. What seemed
to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in thebrain
excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that
counts. In short,brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience
and the activity of relativelyhomogeneous nerve-cell units conducting
essentially homogeneous impulses throughhomogeneous cerebral tissue. To match
the multiple dimensions of mental experiencepsychologists could only point to a
limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerveimpulses.
51. The author suggests that, by 1950, attempts to correlate mental
experience with brainprocesses would probably have been viewed with
(A) indignation
(B) impatience
(C) pessimism
(D) indifference
52. The author mentions “common currency” in line 26 primarily in order to
emphasize the
(A) lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings
(B) similarity of the sensations that all human beings experience
(C) similarities in the views of scientists who have studied the human
nervous system
(D) recurrent questioning by scientists of an accepted explanation about
the nervoussystem
53. The description in lines 32-38 of an experiment in which electric
stimuli were applied todifferent sensory fields of the cerebral cortex tends to
support the theory that
(A) the simple presence of different cortical areas cannot account for the
diversity of mentalexperience
(B) variation in spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses correlates
with variation insubjective experience
(C) nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous and are relatively
unaffected as they travelthrough the nervous system
(D) the mental experiences produced by sensory nerve impulses are
determined by thecortical area activated
54. According to the passage, some evidence exists that the area of the
cortex activated by asensory stimulus determines which of the following?
I. The nature of the nerve impulse
II. The modality of the sensory experience
III. Qualitative differences within a modality
(A) II only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
55. The passage can most accurately be described as a discussion concerning
historical viewsof the
(A) anatomy of the brain
(B) manner in which nerve impulses are conducted
(C) mechanics of sense perception
(D) physiological correlates of mental experience
56. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s opinion of the
suggestion thatdifferent areas of the brain determine perceptions produced by
sensory nerve impulses?
(A) It is a plausible explanation, but it has not been completely
proved.
(B) It is the best explanation of brain processes currently available.
(C) It is disproved by the fact that the various areas of the brain are
physiologically verysimilar.
(D) There is some evidence to support it, but it fails to explain the
diversity of mentalexperience.
(E) There is experimental evidence that confirms its correctness.
57. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit
the LEASTqualitative variation?
(A) Nerve cells
(B) Nerve impulses
(C) Cortical areas
(D) Spatial patterns of nerve impulses
Passage 14
At the end of the Second World War the number of women in their
childbearing years was atrecord low. Yet for almost twenty years they produced a
record high number of children. In1957, there was an average of 3.72 children
per family. Now the postwar babies are producing arecord low number of babies.
In 1983 the average number of children per family was about 1.79—two children
fewer than the 1957 rate and lower even than the 2.11 rate that a
populationneeds to replace itself.
58. It can properly inferred from the passage that
(A) for the birth rate to be high, there must be a relatively large number
of women in theirchildbearing years.
(B) the most significant factor influencing the birth rate is whether the
country is engaged in awar
(C) unless there are extraordinary circumstances, the birth rate will not
dip below the level atwhich a population replaces itself
(D) the birth rate is not directly proportional to the number of women in
their childbearingyears.
Passage 15
A study of illusioinistic painting inevitably begins with the Greek painter
Zeuxis. In an earlywork, which is the basis for his fame, he painted a bowl of
grapes that was so lifelike that birdspecked at the fruit. In an attempt to
expand his achievement to encompass human figures,he painted a boy carrying a
bunch of grapes. When birds immediately came to peck at the fruit,Zeuxis judged
that he had failed.
59. Zeuxis’s judgment that he had failed in his later work was based on an
assumption.Which of the following can have served as the assumption?
(A) People are more easily fooled by illusionistic techniques than are the
birds
(B) The use of illusionistic techniques in painting had become commonplace
by the time Zeuxiscompleted his later work.
(C) The grapes in the later painting were even more realistic than the ones
in the earlier work.
(D) Birds are less likely to peck at fruit when they see that a human being
is present.
Passage 16
The best argument for the tenure system that protects professional
employment inuniversities is that it allows veteran faculty to hire people
smarter than they are and yet remainsecure in the knowledge that unless they
themselves are caught in an act of moral turpitude—a concept that in the present
climate almost defies definition—the younger faculty cannotturn around and fire
them. This is not true in industry.
60. Which of the following assumptions is most likely to have been made by
the author of theargument above?
(A) Industry should follow the example of universities and protect the jobs
of managers byinstituting a tenure system
(B) If no tenure system existed, veteran faculty would be reluctant to hire
new faculty whomight threaten the veteran faculty’s own jobs.
(C) If a stronger consensus concerning what constitutes moral turpitude
existed, the tenuresystem in universities would be expendable.
(D) Veteran faculty will usually hire and promote new faculty whose
scholarship is more up-to-date their own.
Passage 17
A constitution is a formal statement of the aims and basic rules governing
a club. It isregarded as a permanent law to be followed strictly until the group
votes (usually by twothirds vote) to amend any provisions. You should think
wisely and act cautiously in drawing upa constitution since it is regarded as
binding. A long list of amendments indicates that theoriginal constitution was
weak. Examine the Constitution of the United States and then noticehow few
amendments have been added over the course of the years. Although this is a
classicexample of long-range planning and statesmanship, wisdom and foresight
are necessary indrawing up any satisfactory constrictions.
61. A long list of amendments indicates that the original constitution
(A) was a classic example of long-range planning and statesmanship
(B) lacked wisdom and foresight
(C) was not regarded as binding
(D) was a satisfactory one
62. An amendment to a constitution usually requires
(A) a unanimous vote
(B) a majority vote
(C) a minority vote
(D) long-range planning and statesmanship
63. The Constitution of the United States with its few amendments\
(A) is not satisfactory
(B) is weak
(C) is a typical instance of long-range planning and statesmanship
(D) was a satisfactory one
64. A constitution is regarded as
(A) temporary
(B) informal
(C) binding
(D) classic
Passage 18
The need for solar electricity is clear. It is safe, ecologically sound,
efficient, continuouslyavailable, and it has no moving parts. The basic problem
with the use of solar photovoltaicdevices is economics, but until recently very
little progress had been made toward thedevelopment of low-cost photovoltaic
devices. The larger part of research funds has beendevoted to the study of
single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence that thistechnique
holds little promise. The reason for this pattern is understandable and
historical.Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to
terrestrial solar cells.
Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and are successfully used in the
space program, wherecost is not an issue. While single crystal silicon has been
proven in extraterrestrial use withefficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other
more expensive and scarce materials can haveever higher efficiencies, costs must
be reduced by a factor of more that 100 to make thempractical for commercial
uses. Beside the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95
percent of it is wasted and does not appear in the final device. Recently, there
have beensome imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon
which are lower in costthan high-quality single crystals; but to date the
efficiencies of these apparently lower-costmaterials have been unacceptably
small. Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because ofthe introduction of
disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades theefficiency
of crystalline solar cells.
This difficulty can be avoided by preparing completely disordered or
amorphous materials.Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as
compared to crystalline materials:that is, they have only short-range order
rather that the long-range periodicity of crystals.The advantages of amorphous
solar cells are impressive. Whereas crystalline silicon must bemade 200 microns
thick to absorb a sufficient amount of sunlight for efficient energyconversion,
only 1 micron of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline
siliconsolar cells cost in excess of 100 per square foot, but amorphous films
can be created at a costof about 50 cents per square foot.
Although many scientists were aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar
cells, they feltthat they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies
necessary to contributesignificantly to the demand for electric power. This was
based on a misconception about thefeature which determines efficiency. For
example, it is not the conductivity of the material inthe dark which is
relevant, but only the photoconductivity, that is, the conductivity in
thepresence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6
percent have beendeveloped using amorphous materials, and further research will
doubtless find even less costlyamorphous materials with higher efficiencies.
65. The author is primarily concerned with _______.
discussing the importance of solar energy
explaining the functioning of solar cells
presenting a history of research on energy sources
describing a possible solution to the problem of the cost of
photovoltaic cells
66. According to the passage, which of the following encouraged use of
silicon solar cells in thespace program?
I. the higher cost of materials such as gallium arsenide
II. the fairly high extraterrestrial efficiency of the cells
III. the relative lack of cost limitations in the space program
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
67.In the second paragraph, he author mentions recent attempts to make
polycrystalline andribbon silicon primarily in order to ______.
minimize the importance of recent improvements in silicon solar
cells
demonstrate the superiority of amorphous materials over crystalline
silicon
explain why silicon solar cells have been the center of research
contrast crystalline silicon with polycrystalline and ribbon
silicon
68. Which of the following pairs of terms does the author regard as most
nearly synonymous?
(A)solar and extraterrestrial
(B) photovoltaic devices and solar cells
(C) crystalline silicon and amorphous materials
(D) amorphous materials and higher efficiencies
69. The material in the passage could best be used in an argument for
_______.
discontinuing the space program
increased funding for research on amorphous materials
further study of the history of silicon crystals
increased reliance on solar energy
70.The tone of the passage can best be described as _______.
analytical and optimistic
biased and unprofessional
critical and discouraged
hesitating and inconclusive
Part Two Linguistics 30 points (Write down your answers to the questions in
this partof the test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test
center.)
1.Which is more useful in language studies, descriptive linguistics or
prescriptive linguistics?Why? 10 points
2.Please show the difference between tone and intonation. 5 points
3. How is meaning often analyzed in semantics? 5 points
4.What is the difference between dialect and language? What is the
criterion that is generallyused to define a national language? 10 points
Part Three Literature 50 points (Write down your answers to the questions
in this partof the test in separate blank answer sheets provided at your test
center.)
1.Write down the names of the authors of the following literary works: (9
points)
A. As I Lay Dying
B. Pale Fire
C. Catch-22
D. The Hairy Ape
E. The Waste Land
F. Julius Caesar
G. The Golden Notebook
H. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
I. Canterbury tales
2.Explain THREE of the following literary terms: (in about 50 words for
each) (9 points)
A. postmodernism
B. feminism
C. narration
D. stream of consciousness
E. monologue
F. realism
3.Describe and make a comment on THREE of the following characters (in
about 50 words foreach) (12 points)
A. Falstaff (in Henry IV)
B. Heathcliff (in Wuthering Height)
C. Lolita (in Lolita)
D. Bloom (in Ulysses)
E. Scarlett (in Gone with the Wind)
4.Answer ONE of the following questions on British Literature (in no less
than 100 words) (10points):
A. Some critics regard Joseph Conrad and Virginia Woolf as impressionist
novelists. Do youagree or disagree? Why?
B. Why does Thomas Hardy gives his novel Tess of d’Urbervilles a subtitle,
A Pure Women?
5.Answer ONE of the following questions on American Literature (in no less
than 100 words) (10 points):
A. What do you know about “The Lost Generation” in the history of American
literature?
B. Give some examples of pluralism in modern American literature.
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