2017考研英语阅读精选：“石头、剪刀、布”出啥能赢
考研英语阅读真题中的文章，多摘自英美主流外刊，有时候你认识所有单词、搞清全部语法还不够，还需要了解英美文化，掌握他们的表达方式，这就是阅读的潜台词。有时候是一些俗语和俚语，有时候是固定搭配，有时候需要借助历史、风俗、文化才能理解某种现象或表达。总之，这些地道的英语文章背后都有潜台词，一般人不容易读出，但往往是理解文章的关键。2017考研复习开启，新东方在线考研分享《2017考研英语阅读精选》，赶快来学习吧！
“石头、剪刀、布”出啥能赢?
玩“石头、剪刀、布”的时候，许多人都有一套自己的策略，他们相信那就是自己制胜的诀窍。
Many people formulate a strategy for the game rock, paper, scissors, which
they believe is sure to beat the competition.
不过一项新研究发现，玩家其实并不遵循所谓的“策略”，相反，他们常常不理智，比如会倾向赢了后出上一个手势。
But a new study reveals players actually don't stick to a plan, rather they
become irrational when making their next move - including using the same item
that was once a winner.
研究表明，如果你想在游戏中取得胜利，那就要出“布”，因为大多数人都倾向于出“石头”。
Researchers suggest that if you want to be victorious, choose paper because
most people tend to go for rock.
即使玩家已经打算好下一个要出什么手势，情绪也会导致他们的最终决定不理智。
Even if participants had a set plan for their next move, their emotions
would make the act irrational.
研究员称，这三种手势赢的概率相同，因此唯一理智的玩法就是出每种手势的次数相同，其他的任何玩法都是不理智的。
Each of the three items carries equal status, which means the only rational
method is to use each one an equal number of times – any other approach is
irrational, said researchers.
研究表示，玩家遵循着“赢了就出上个手势，输了再换其他手势”的策略，因此一旦赢了一局，之后就总是重复之前的手势。
The study revealed that participants followed a 'win-stay, lose-shift'
strategy in how they played the game, which means when they won a round they
kept repeating their winning item.
只要一直没输，他们就不会换其他的手势。
It wasn't until they lost did they change their action.
因此，最佳的游戏策略是在这个三个手势中随机出任一个，且每种手势出的概率相等。不过多数人总会倾向于出“石头”。
Although the optimal strategy is to pick one of the three equally and at
random, most people tended to over use rock.
《科学报告》杂志中写道：在“剪刀、石头、布”的游戏里，人们以为自己能做出理性的决策，但实际的表现却大相径庭。
'Rock, paper, scissors (RPS) is a game where predictions of human rational
decision-making can be compared with actual performance,' reads the study
published in the journal Scientific Reports.
“计算机玩家采取了平衡策略，即出每种手势的概率相等，但真实玩家却略微表现出更爱出‘石头’的倾向。”
'Playing a computerized opponent adopting a mixed-strategy equilibrium,
participants revealed a non-significant tendency to over-select rock.'
英国萨塞克斯大学心理学教授本•戴森说道：“人们在经历失败后会倾向于做出不理智的决定，这点实在令人担忧。”
'It's worrying that people tended to make more irrational decisions
following a loss,' said Dr. Ben Dyson, lecturer in Psychology at the University
of Sussex.
“在从事其他更高风险性的事务时，这种倾向可能带来严重后果，比如说当人们需要在经济或政治领域打败对手时。”
'This could have more serious implications in higher-stake scenarios where
people are competing to out maneuver one another – in economics or politics, for
example.'
“不理智的决定源于人们面对负面结果时的情绪，这样的情绪会使人面对精明的对手时处于劣势。”
These irrational decisions are driven by an emotional reaction to a
negative outcome and leaves people vulnerable to a smart opponent.'
“情绪可能会分散注意力，降低思考质量。”
'Emotion might have some distracting effect that deteriorates the quality
of our thought.
“如果我们学会分开情绪和输赢结果，像成功的扑克玩家那样，或许能减少这种风险。”
'If we can learn to separate emotion from outcome, like successful Poker
players, we might be able to mitigate this risk.'
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