2016考研英语阅读暑期训练：哲学类（2）
暑期集训来了，如何在暑期两个月创造出双倍的价值是每个考生想要达到的目标。这就需要加倍的努力和科学的规划了。英语方面的复习，大家要持续性背单词，阅读、写作及翻译要多加练习，总结方法技巧，活学活用。下面新东方在线和大家分享哲学类的阅读模拟题，大家不妨集中练习，提升阅读速度和做题技巧。2016考研英语阅读暑期训练：哲学类（2）
In this week's Nature， a group of zoologists led by Andrew Whiten of the
University of St Andrews in Scotland and Christophe Boesch of the Max Planck
Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig， Germany， have provided that
evidence. They have synthesised the results from seven chimpanzee-research
centres scattered across Africa， and shown that chimps can， indeed， do more than
just pass on the odd behaviour pattern here and there. Individual groups of
chimps exhibit behavioural“complexes'' that are recognisably different from
those of other groups， yet seem to have no connection with environmental or
genetic differences between the groups. If that is not culture， it is difficult
to think what is.
The problem that confronted Dr Whiten and Dr Boesch was how to disentangle
which of chimpanzees' many behaviour patterns are genetically instinctive， which
are learnt by individuals in isolation (and so are not cultural， because not
copied from others) and which are culturally transmitted (by animals copying one
another)。 They solved it by standardising the reports from the research centres，
and paying as much attention to what the animals in each place did not do as to
what they did.
Behaviour patterns found at all sites were deemed as likely to be genetic
as cultural (leaf-sponging turned out to be in this category)， as were those
whose absence was due to some environmental factor (fishing algae out of ponds
is impossible where there are no algae to fish)。 Nor were behaviour patterns
that did not appear to be sporadic (digging for termites， rather than using a
stick to fish for them) classified as cultural. They could just as well have
been the result of individual invention， as of copying.
That still left 39 behaviour patterns that were common at some sites and
absent from others. Termite fishing with twigs and the mid-ribs of leaves were
two. So were breaking nuts open with a hammer (which could be done in four
different ways， each with its own pattern of occurrence among the sites)， and
picking marrow out of the bones of hunted animals using a tool. Nor does
chimpanzee culture revolve solely around food. Some chimps have developed
flywhisks in the form of leaves. Others have learnt how to tickle themselves.
And there is even a behaviour pattern the researchers refer to as ``rain
dance''， though it takes place in response to rain， rather than as a way of
conjuring it up.
The idea that these and some 30 other behaviour patterns are cultural
rather than genetic was supported by the fact that particular sub-species (which
differ from one another genetically) are not associated with particular
behaviours. Indeed， abrupt cultural transitions often occur in the middle of
sub-specific homelands. Short of developing language (and there are a few
researchers who believe that chimps can also manage that)， it is hard to see
what more man's closest relatives could possibly be required to do to be
admitted to the culture club.
注(1)：本文选自Economist; 06/19/99，p82;
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 3(题目顺序稍做调整);
1. By “If that is not culture， it is difficult to think what is.”(Line 8，
Paragraph 1)， theauthor means _______.
it is difficult to define what culture is
scientists feel confused about culture
nobody knows what the culture is
it is nothing but culture
2. The most distinctive feature of culture is _________.
copying one another among animals
passing on the odd behavior among animals
learning from one another among animals
individual invention by the animals
3. How does the author feel about the cultural phenomenon among the
chimps?
Optimistic.
Affirmative.
Carefree.
Panicked.
4. Which of the following will the scientists not regard as cultural
behavior?
Using a stick to fish for termites.
Breaking nuts open with a hammer.
Making flywhisks in the form of leaves.
Dancing a “rain dance”。
5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?
Chimps can learn 37 behaviors by copying one another.
Genes and environment have no effect on the behavior of chimps.
Chimps should be admitted to the culture club.
People are too critical of the behavior of chimps.
答案：DABAC
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