2016考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章：商海无涯巧行舟
每年考研英语阅读篇章很多都取材于经济学人，因此2016年考研复习之初，一定要从基础打好，稳扎稳打。新东方在线分享《经济学人》文章，希望大家能够多看、多练，提升阅读能力！2016考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章：商海无涯巧行舟
Supermarkets
超市
Learning to be different
商海无涯巧行舟
Some glimmers of hope for struggling supermarkets
对于深陷泥淖的超市而言，前途尚有利好的曙光。
RARELY have the Christmas results for Britain'ssupermarkets been awaited
with such trepidation.Most of them, especially the market leader, Tesco,
struggled in 2014. The hard-discountstores, Aldi and Lidl, continued to undercut
them, gobbling up market share, while falling foodprices ate into their profits.
Would the weeks leading up to Christmas and New Year's Day,generally the
strongest sales period, bring some relief?
不列颠的零售业的业主们早已期待圣诞节的销售业绩，因为他们心怀恐惧。这种情形着实罕见。在2014年，大部分超市，特别是Tesco这个市场领头羊，过得很艰难。Aldi和Lidl这样的超低折扣商铺，不断挖它们的墙角，侵吞他们的市场份额。而下降的食物价格使得超市的利润率降低。接下来临近圣诞节和新年的几周通常是超市的最旺销售时期，它们能否喘一口气?
He's making a list, checking it twice
他正在制作购物单，检查了两次。
The answer, so far, is mixed. Waitrose, the most upmarket grocer, did well.
It made ￡728m(1.1 billion) over the five weeks to January 3rd, excluding fuel—7%
more than in the same spella year ago. By contrast like-for-like sales at
Sainsbury's fell by 1.7% in the 14 weeks toJanuary 3rd among stores that had
been open at least a year. Tesco, which reported onJanuary 8th, recorded another
drop in sales, though by only 0.3% compared with the previousyear. It is to
close 43 stores. Analysts estimate that Asda, the second-biggest chain
afterTesco, saw its market share fall by 1% in the three months to December.
目前来看，答案并不那么简单。Waitrose这最大的高档零售商业绩不错。在过去的5周中(截止至1月3日)，它的营业额为七亿两千八百万英镑(折合成美元11亿)。这其中不包括燃料—与去年相比同期增长7%强。与此相较，在营业一年以上的商店中，Sainsbury的营业额在过去的14周中(截止到1月3日)，下跌1.7%。而它已经开业一年以上。Tesco的业绩报表见诸1月8日。相比前一年虽有所下跌，降幅只有0.3%。它预备关闭43家店铺。分析师估计，居Tesco之亚的Asda，在截止至12月份的三个月中，市场份额缩水1%。
Asda's boss, Andrew Clarke, has warned of more challenging times ahead. Yet
the lesson fromthese results is clear. Grocers with a clearly defined position
in the market will continue toprosper, but for those without one there is more
pain to come. Thus Waitrose, for instance,has remained resolutely and distinctly
posh. It has refused to chase the upstart discountersby slashing prices, as
mid-market rivals have done.
Asda的老板Andrew
Clarke，早已警惕这种更为挑战的时刻。没有白交的学费。在市场中具有清晰定位的零售商将继续繁荣下去，而那些仍旧没有明确定位的，仍将面临窘境。比如Waitrose，它仍旧旗帜鲜明地走土豪路线，拒绝通过大减价跟上高端折扣店的步伐。与此相较的是，跟它一批的中等市场的竞争对手却紧随那些高端店的步伐。
Natalie Berg of Planet Retail, a research outfit, argues that the key to
survival in a ferociouslycompetitive groceries market is to offer the customer a
brand that is “clear, targeted andconsistent.” Waitrose, at the top end of the
market, does this well, as do Lidl and Aldi at thebottom. The rest are stranded
in the middle, trying to be all things to all people. This week, forinstance,
Asda, Sainsbury's and Tesco announced further price cuts. That might fend off
thediscounters for a bit. It will also muddy perceptions of who their target
customers really are.
一家名为“行星零售”的调查组织的成员Natalie
Berg认为，在竞争激烈的零售商市场中存活下来的关键，在于给顾客留下这么个品牌印象—“明晰，有定位，持久”。
Waitrose卡住了市场的顶端部分。而Lidl和Aldi则把持住了市场的草根部分。其余的卡在中间，想着变成百宝箱，面向所有消费群体。比如这个周，Asda，Sainsbury和Tesco宣布接着砍价。这或许能些许抵御零售商的攻势。它也同样能搅起一池浑水，搞不清谁是它们的目标消费人群。
But it is not all gloom for the supermarkets. A more clement economic
environment shouldhelp all of them. Tumbling fuel prices and—a novelty,
this—rising real wages will put moremoney in shoppers' pockets. The results also
demonstrate that supermarkets are rewardedfor a strong internet presence. Again,
Waitrose has done well here: grocery sales through itsonline service grew by 26%
over the Christmas period compared with a year ago. Its parentcompany, John
Lewis, has had great success with a new click-and-collect service at
itsdepartment stores, which allows customers to nominate a place to pick up
their shopping.Most of the supermarkets are trying out new digital gizmos to
make shopping easier. Waitroseis experimenting with a home-scanning device
called Hiku. This will allow people to scanbarcodes on Waitrose products at home
to add them to their online shopping basket.
不过对于超市来说也不全是阴云密布坏事不断。更为缓和的经济环境应能帮助他们所有人。下跌的油价—这确实是新鲜事—和上涨的工资使得顾客们荷包鼓胀起来。这个结果也表明，网路的存在使得商家获益。这点还是Waitrose做得好：跟一年前相比，零售店销售额在圣诞节期间，依靠在线服务增长26%。它的母公司JohnLewis，依托新近的点-收服务，在百货商铺中取得巨大成功。这个新系统允许顾客点名去哪里自提货物。
There are grounds for optimism even at Tesco, argues Bryan Roberts, an
analyst at KantarRetail. For a couple of years its stores in London have done
better than those in the rest of thecountry. Store managers in the capital have
enjoyed more autonomy to fill their shelves withproducts suited to the people
who live or work in the local area. This process had become over-centralised,
missing local trends; devolution seems to have helped reverse that. Simple,
buteffective.
坎塔尔零售的分析师Bryan
Roberts则认为，就算是Tesco，也有乐观的理由。经过多年经营，Tesco在伦敦的店铺，其经营情况好于全国其他地区。首都店铺的经理享有更多的自主经营权，他们能为所在区域生活或工作的居民提供适合他们的货品。此前这个过程都是收回经理的自主权，这就忽略了当地发展趋势;让权能帮住扭转颓势。大道至简，直接有效。
1.continue to 继续; 不断地
The President could continue to bash Democrats asbeing soft on crime.
总统可能会继续抨击民主党人对待犯罪活动心慈手软。
The finance minister will continue to mastermindPoland's economic
reform.
财政部长将继续策划波兰的经济改革。
2.compare with 比较
The more recent conifer plantations cannot yet compare with the old
woodlands. 年代较近的针叶树林场还比不上年代久远的林场。
How does your new house compare with your old one?
你的新房子和你的旧房子比起来怎样?
3.fend off 挡开; 垫开
He raised his hand to fend off the blow.
他抬起手来抵挡那一拳。
I had to keep from being crushed, to fend off continuous attack.
我必须不让自己被压服和提防连续不断的攻击。
4.allow to 允许
Add a little of the warmed milk and allow to froth a little.
加一点温牛奶，并让它起点儿沫。
They will not allow your more way-out ideas to pass unchallenged.
他们不会放过你这些古怪的念头的。
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