2015考研英语作文素材精选 (七)
考研英语作文是一个考察综合运用语言的部分，需要同学们运用逻辑思维下笔成文，因此，考前看一些意义深远、质量好的文章很有必要。以下是2015考研英语作文备考素材精选，请作参考。2015考研英语作文素材精选 (七)
25. Movie Music
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as
"silent", the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From
the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when
the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United
States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on
popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the
films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time,
however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became
apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to
the mood of the film.
As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a
cellist, would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie
theaters small orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of
music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or
leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding
such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large
personal library of musical pieces. Since the conductor seldom saw the films
until the night before they were to be shown(if indeed, the conductor was lucky
enough to see them then), the musical arrangement was normally improvised in the
greatest hurry.
To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the
practice of publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for
example, the Edison Company began issuing with their films such indications of
mood as " pleasant", "sad", "lively". The suggestions became more explicit, and
so emerged the musical cue sheet containing indications of mood, the titles of
suitable pieces of music, and precise directions to show where one piece led
into the next.
Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of
these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W Griffith's
film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.
Note:
美国通俗音乐分类：
1.Jazz;
1) traditional jazz---- a) blues, 代表人物：Billy Holiday
b)ragtime(切分乐曲): 代表人物：Scott Joplin
c)New Orleans jazz (= Dixieland jazz) eg: Louis Armstron
d)swing eg: Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, etc.
e)bop (=bebop, rebop) eg: Lester Young, Charlie Parker etc.
2)modern jazz ------ a) cool jazz(=progressive jazz)高雅爵士乐。 Eg: Kenny G.
b)third-stream jazz. Eg: Charles Mingus, John Lewis.
c) main stream jazz.
d)avant-garde jazz.
e) soul jazz. Eg: Sarah Vaughn, Ella Fitzgerald
f) Latin jazz.
2.gospel music 福音音乐， 主要源于Nero spirituals. Eg. Dolly Parker, Mahalia
Jackson
3.Country and Western music. Eg. John Denver, Tammy Wynette, Kenny Rogers,
etc.
4. Rock music-----------a) rock and roll eg: Elvis Prestley(US) , the
Beatles(UK.)
b)folk rock Eg: Bob Dylon, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, Bruce
Springsteen, Lionel Riche etc.
c)punk rock
d)acid rock
e)rock jazz eg: M.J. McLaughlin
f) Jurassic rock
5.Music for easy listening (i.e. light music )
26. International Business and Cross-cultural Communication
The increase in international business and in foreign investment has
created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in
cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in
either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in
negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign counterparts.
Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose
of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to
participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which
people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the
negotiation.
In many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived
as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the
American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to
pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator's role becomes
that of an impersonal purveyor of information and cash.
In studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been
identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while
undermining the negotiator's position. Two traits in particular that cause
cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the
American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing
short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the
relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time
in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may
opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to
know the other negotiator.
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