鑰冪爺鑻辫鐪熼鏉愭枡鏉ユ簮鎶ュ垔100绡囪繛杞?(36)
銆€銆€鑰冪敓鍙寜鐓т互涓嬫潗鏂欏潥鎸佹瘡鏃ラ槄璇昏缁冿紝浜嗚В鍑洪瑙勫緥銆傝瘝姹囪В鏋愬拰鏂囩珷璁茶В鍐呭璇﹀敖銆?/p>鑰冪爺鑻辫鐪熼鏉愭枡鏉ユ簮鎶ュ垔100绡囪繛杞?(36)
銆€銆€Organ transplants: Your part or mine?
銆€銆€AS MARKETS in human organs go, the one which flourishes on Tehran鈥檚 Vali
Asr street, where Iran鈥檚 main transplant hospital is located, is not the
cruellest鈥攁nd there is no lack of people willing to discuss their transactions.
Gholamreza, a 44-year-old man from northern Iran, explains what he did when his
dialysis started to fail. 鈥淚 put an advertisement in the paper for a kidney, and
a donor came straight to me. We reached an agreement on the price quite quickly.
In these cases, the recipient usually takes care of the donor afterwards. So I
still visit my donor and help him out.鈥?/p>銆€銆€Another man wandering round the district, aged around 30 and wearing torn,
cheap clothing, is hoping he can find a buyer as decent as Gholamreza claims to
be. He expects to get between $3,000 and $4,000 for one of his kidneys. 鈥淚 need
the money because I lost out in a pyramid investment scam. After the operation I
won鈥檛 be able to lift heavy things, but I can still live with only one
kidney.鈥?/p>銆€銆€Iran鈥檚 Association of Kidney Patients, a non- government organisation which
obviously enjoys official favour, is responsible for all legal kidney
transplants: it insists that commercial deals are the exception, not the rule.
For one thing, it says, the religious authorities encourage voluntary gifts: in
other words, cases where a patient receives a kidney freely offered by a friend
or relative. Pious Muslims may also offer up a kidney to anyone who needs
it.
銆€銆€For surgeons, patients and medical economists alike, the shortage of
kidneys seems frustrating, because no organ lends itself better to transplant.
As long as they receive decent after-care, kidney donors suffer only the tiniest
increase in their own risk of dying of kidney disease. And transplants make
economic sense: the cost of one kidney operation and a lifetime鈥檚 supply of
anti顎憆ejection drugs equals that of three years鈥?dialysis. Kidneys donated by a
living person last for a median 22 years in another body; when they are taken
from a fresh corpse, the figure is 14 years.
銆€銆€Whatever solution they propose to the shortage of kidneys, nobody doubts
that the black market, as it now works, has grotesque effects, both for donors
and recipients. Rich westerners who go to South Asia or Africa in search of
kidneys often receive organs that are diseased or unsuitable.
銆€銆€Nancy Scheper- Hughes, an American professor of medical anthropology and
campaigner against organ trading, says the way poor Brazilians were induced to
travel to South Africa is typical of the abuses a market in body parts,
especially an international one, is bound to cause. She says donors in the
Brazilian slums were given false promises about the money they would make, the
care they would receive and the after-effects of the operation.
銆€銆€Some senior figures in the medical world draw a different conclusion: as
long as some people are determined to obtain kidneys and others are desperate
enough to sell them, the trade will be impossible to stop鈥攕o it makes better
sense to regulate the business than drive it underground.
銆€銆€鑰冪爺璇嶆眹锛?/p>銆€銆€flourish[藞fl蕦ri蕛]
銆€銆€v.绻佽崳锛岃寕鐩涳紝鍏存椇
銆€銆€[鐪熼渚嬪彞] It鈥檚 theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it
often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will
flourish and which will fail.
銆€銆€[渚嬪彞绮捐瘧] 杩欑鐞嗚寰楀埌浜嗗鏁?a href="http://college.koolearn.com/kaoyan/s/zy-15-0-0-0-0-0/" target="_blank">缁忔祹瀛?/a>瀹剁殑璁ゅ悓锛屼絾鍦ㄥ疄闄呮搷浣滀腑锛屽畠浣块搧璺叕鍙歌幏寰椾簡涓€涓喅瀹氳皝璐ヨ皝鑽ｇ殑鏉冨埄銆?/p>銆€銆€transaction
銆€銆€n.鈶犲姙鐞嗭紝澶勭悊;鈶′氦鏄擄紝浜嬪姟;鈶pl.]浼氭姤锛屽鎶?/p>銆€銆€[鐪熼渚嬪彞] Conrail顒媠 net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427
million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction (鈶?.
銆€銆€[渚嬪彞绮捐瘧] 鑱斿悎閾佽矾鍏徃1996骞撮搧璺繍钀ョ函鏀跺叆涓?.27浜跨編鍏冿紝杩欒繕涓嶈冻杩欏畻浜ゆ槗杩愪綔鎴愭湰鐨勪竴鍗娿€?/p>銆€銆€recipient
銆€銆€a.瀹规槗鎺ュ彈鐨勶紝鎰熷彈鎬у己鐨?n.鈶犲绾宠€咃紝瀹瑰櫒;鈶℃帴鍙楄€?/p>銆€銆€[鐪熼渚嬪彞] This kind of support, like all government support, requires
decisions about the appropriate recipients (n.鈶? of funds. [1996骞寸炕璇慮
銆€銆€[渚嬪彞绮捐瘧] 杩欑璧勫姪灏卞儚鎵€鏈夌殑鏀垮簻璧勫姪涓€鏍凤紝闇€瑕佸喅瀹氳祫閲戠殑鍚堥€傜殑鎺ュ彈瀵硅薄銆?/p>銆€銆€voluntary[藞v蓴l蓹nt蓹ri]
銆€銆€a.鑷効鐨勶紝蹇楁効鐨?/p>銆€銆€[鐪熼渚嬪彞] Downshifting鈥攁lso known in America as 鈥渧oluntary simplicity鈥濃€?has,
ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-
consumerism.
銆€銆€[渚嬪彞绮捐瘧] 鍏锋湁璁藉埡鎰忓懗鐨勬槸锛屸€滄斁鎱㈢敓娲昏妭濂忊€濃€斺€斿湪缇庡浗涔熺О鈥滆嚜鎰跨畝鍗曞寲鈥濃€斺€旂敋鑷冲瓡鑲蹭簡涓€涓喘鏂扮殑銆佸彲绉颁箣涓哄弽娑堣垂涓讳箟鐨勭敓娲绘柟寮忋€?/p>銆€銆€bound
銆€銆€v./n. 璺?璺?;a.鈶犺鏉熺細鐨勶紝鐞嗗簲鈥︹€︾殑锛屽繀瀹氱殑锛屼竴瀹氱殑;鈶″噯澶?鎴栨鍦?鍒扳€︹€﹀幓鐨勶紝寮€寰€鈥︹€︾殑;鈶?be bound up with)
涓庘€︹€︽湁瀵嗗垏鍏崇郴
銆€銆€[鐪熼渚嬪彞] The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove
easier in the long run and are bound (a.鈶? to be more interesting and
challenging even if they lead to dead ends.
銆€銆€[渚嬪彞绮捐瘧] 鍒涙柊鑰呭垯浼氭帰瀵诲彟澶栦笉鍚岀殑閬撹矾锛岃€岃繖鏍风殑閬撹矾灏嗕細鏈€缁堣璇佸疄鏇寸畝鍗曘€佷篃涓€瀹氭洿鏈夎叮銆佹洿瀵屾寫鎴樻€э紝鍗充娇瀹冧滑閫氬悜缁濆銆?/p>銆€銆€[鐪熼渚嬪彞] (72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country鈥檚
economy is directly bound (a.鈶? up with the efficiency of its agriculture and
industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and
technologists of all kinds. [2000骞寸炕璇慮
銆€銆€[渚嬪彞绮捐瘧] (72)鍐嶈€咃紝鏄捐€屾槗瑙佺殑鏄竴涓浗瀹剁殑缁忔祹瀹炲姏涓庡叾宸ュ啘涓氱敓浜ф晥鐜囩洿鎺ョ浉鍏筹紝鑰屾晥鐜囩殑鎻愰珮鍒欏張鏈夎禆浜庡悇绫荤鎶€浜哄憳鐨勫姫鍔涖€?/p>銆€銆€desperate[藞desp蓹rit]
銆€銆€a.鈶犵粷鏈涚殑;鈶′笉椤句竴鍒囩殑锛屾嫾姝荤殑
銆€銆€[鐪熼渚嬪彞] 59. Which of the following best defines the word 鈥渁ggressive鈥?(Line
1, Paragraph 7)?
銆€銆€ Desperate (鈶?
銆€銆€[渚嬪彞绮捐瘧] 59.涓嬮潰鐨勫摢涓瘝鏈€濂藉湴瑙ｉ噴浜嗏€渁ggressive鈥濅竴璇?绗竷娈电涓€琛?鐨勬剰鎬?
銆€銆€ 涓嶉【涓€鍒囩殑
銆€銆€鑳屾櫙甯歌瘑浠嬬粛锛?/p>銆€銆€1936骞翠縿鍥戒汉Voronov涓轰竴鎬ユ€ц偩鍔熻兘琛扮鐨勭梾浜鸿繘琛屼簡灏镐綋鑲捐剰绉绘,铏界劧鍙瓨娲讳簡48灏忔椂,浣嗗嵈鎻紑浜嗚偩鑴忕Щ妞嶇殑搴忓箷,鑲捐剰绉绘鏄縿浠婁负姝笘鐣屼笂鏍规不鑲惧姛鑳借“绔渶鏈夋晥鐨勫姙娉曘€?/p>銆€銆€鍙傝€冭瘧鏂囷細
銆€銆€鍣ㄥ畼绉绘锛氫綘鐨勮繕鏄垜鐨?
銆€銆€灏变汉浣撳櫒瀹樺競鍦鸿€岃█锛屾椿璺冧簬寰烽粦鍏扮摝閲岄樋鐟?Vali
Asr)澶ц鐨勫競鍦鸿繕涓嶇畻鏄渶鎮叉儴鐨勶紝杩欓噷鍧愯惤鐫€浼婃湕涓昏鐨勭Щ妞嶅尰闄⑩€斺€斾篃浠庝笉缂烘効鎰忚璁轰氦鏄撶殑浜恒€傛潵鑷紛鏈楀寳閮ㄧ殑44宀佺敺瀛愬彜鎷夊鐟炴墡(Gholamreza)瑙ｉ噴浜嗕粬鍦ㄨ偩鑴忛€忔瀽娌荤枟寮€濮嬩笉璧蜂綔鐢ㄤ箣鍚庢墍鍋氱殑浜嬶細鈥滄垜鍦ㄦ姤绾镐笂鍒婄櫥浜嗕竴鍒欏姹傝偩鑴忕殑骞垮憡锛屽氨鏈変竴鍚嶆崘璧犺€呯洿鎺ュ悓鎴戣仈绯汇€傛垜浠緢蹇氨璋堝ソ浜嗕环鏍笺€傚湪杩欑被鎯呭喌涓嬶紝鎺ュ彈鎹愮尞鑰呬互鍚庨€氬父浼氱収椤炬崘璧犺€呫€傚洜姝わ紝鎴戝父鐪嬫湜鎴戠殑鎹愯禒浜猴紝骞跺府鍔╀粬瑙ｅ喅鍥伴毦銆傗€?/p>銆€銆€鍙︿竴鍚嶅勾绾?0宀併€佽韩绌跨牬鐑傝€屼究瀹滅殑琛ｆ湇鐨勪汉锛屽垯姝ｅ湪璇ュ尯寰樺緤锛屽笇鏈涜兘鎵惧埌涓€涓鍙ゆ媺濮嗙憺鎵庢墍鑷鐨勯偅绉嶅ぇ鏂圭殑涔颁富銆備粬甯屾湜鑷繁鐨勪竴鍙偩鑴忓彲浠ユ崲寰?000鑷?000缇庡厓銆傗€滃洜涓烘垜鍦ㄤ紶閿€楠楀眬涓け鍒╋紝鎴戞€ラ渶閽辩敤銆傚敖绠℃墜鏈箣鍚庢垜涓嶈兘骞查噸娲伙紝浣嗘垜杩樺彲浠ュ嚟涓€鍙偩娲讳笅鍘汇€傗€?/p>銆€銆€鏄剧劧鍙楀埌瀹樻柟鏀寔鐨勯潪鏀垮簻缁勭粐鈥滀紛鏈楄偩鑴忔偅鑰呭崗浼?Iran鈥檚 Association of Kidney
Patients)鈥濊礋璐ｆ墍鏈夊悎娉曠殑鑲捐剰绉绘浜嬪姟锛氳缁勭粐鍧氭寔绉帮紝鍟嗕笟浜ゆ槗鏄緥澶栵紝鑰屼笉鏄父鎬併€傚畠琛ㄧず锛岄鍏堬紝瀹楁暀鏉冨▉榧撳姳鑷効鎹愮尞;姝ゅ锛屾偅鑰呴€氬父鎺ュ彈鐨勬槸鐢辨湅鍙嬫垨浜叉垰鍏嶈垂鎻愪緵鐨勮偩鑴忋€傝檾璇氱殑绌嗘柉鏋椾篃浼氬皢鑲捐剰鎹愮尞缁欎换浣曢渶瑕佺殑浜恒€?/p>銆€銆€瀵瑰绉戝尰鐢熴€佹偅鑰呭強鍖荤枟缁忔祹瀛﹀鑰岃█锛岃偩鑴忕殑鍖箯浼间箮浠や汉娌抚锛屽洜涓烘病鏈夋瘮鑲捐剰绉绘鏇撮€傚悎鐨勫櫒瀹樼Щ妞嶄簡銆傚彧瑕佹帴鍙楅€傚綋鐨勭梾鍚庢姢鐞嗕笌娌荤枟锛岃偩鑴忔崘鐚€呮浜庤嚜韬偩鐥呯殑椋庨櫓鍙湁寰皬鐨勫鍔犮€傛澶栵紝绉绘涔熸湁缁忔祹瀛︽剰涔夛細涓€娆¤偩鑴忔墜鏈互鍙婄粓鐢熸姉鎺掓枼鑽墿鐨勪緵搴斾笌涓夊勾閫忔瀽娌荤枟璐圭敤鐩稿綋銆傛椿浜烘崘鐚殑鑲捐剰鍦ㄥ彟涓€浜虹殑浣撳唴骞冲潎鍙互缁存寔22骞?鑰屼粠鏂伴矞灏镐綋涓婅幏寰楃殑鑲捐剰鍒欏彲浠ョ淮鎸?4骞淬€?/p>銆€銆€鏃犺瀵硅偩鑴忕煭缂烘彁鍑烘€庢牱鐨勮В鍐虫柟妗堬紝娌℃湁浜烘€€鐤戦粦甯傚鎹愮尞鑰呭拰鎺ュ彈鑰呭弻鏂瑰甫鏉ユ€癁鐨勭粨鏋滐紝姝ｅ鐩墠鐨勬儏褰㈤偅鏍枫€傚幓鍗椾簹鎴栭潪娲插鎵捐偩鑴忕殑瑗挎柟瀵屼汉浠€氬父寰楀埌鐨勯兘鏄甫鐤剧梾鐨勬垨涓嶉€傚簲鐨勮偩鑴忋€?/p>銆€銆€鍗楀笇路璋㈡煆顎戜紤鏂?Nancy
Scheper顎慔ughes)鏄竴鍚嶇編鍥藉尰瀛︿汉绫诲鏁欐巿锛屼篃鏄竴鍚嶅弽瀵瑰櫒瀹樹拱鍗栫殑娲诲姩浜哄＋锛屽ス璇达紝鍔濊宸磋タ绌蜂汉鍓嶅線鍗楅潪鏃呰鐨勬柟寮忔槸浜轰綋鍣ㄥ畼甯傚満锛岀壒鍒槸鍥介檯鎬х殑甯傚満锛屾墍蹇呯劧淇冪敓鐨勫吀鍨嬪紛绔€傚ス琛ㄧず锛屽反瑗胯传姘戠獰鐨勬崘璧犺€呭彧寰楀埌鏈夊叧鍙專閽辨銆佹墍鑾风収椤句互鍙婃墜鏈悗鏋滅殑铏氬亣鎵胯銆?/p>銆€銆€鍖诲鐣屼竴浜涜祫娣变汉鐗╁垯缁欏嚭浜嗕笉鍚岀殑缁撹锛氬彧瑕佷竴浜涗汉鍐冲績鑾峰緱鑲捐剰锛岃€屽彟涓€浜涗汉閾よ€岃蛋闄╁湴璐╁敭锛屼氦鏄撳氨寰堥毦琚樆姝⑩€斺€斿洜姝わ紝鏇寸悊鏅虹殑澶勭悊鏄鑼冧氦鏄擄紝鑰屼笉鏄秷闄ゅ畠銆?/p>銆愮儹鐐硅仛鐒︺€?/span>銆愯€冪爺鍏虫敞銆?/span>2015骞村悇楂樻牎纭曞＋鐮旂┒鐢熸嫑鐢熺畝绔?2015骞磋€冪爺鎶ュ悕锛氭埛鍙ｅ強鎶ヨ€冪偣闂瑙ｇ瓟鑰冪爺鎶ヨ€冩寚鍗楋細鍦ㄨ亴鐮旂┒鐢熸渶鏈?quot;閽遍€?quot;涓撲笟2015骞磋€冪爺鎶ュ悕锛氭姤鍚嶇郴缁熷父瑙?2涓棶棰樿В绛?/a>2015骞翠簩鎴樿€冪爺锛氫笓涓氳澶嶄範瑙勫垝2015鑰冪爺鎸囧崡锛氶鎶ュ悕鍜屾寮忔姤鍚嶈瑙?/a>2015骞磋€冪爺锛氳В璇昏法鏍°€佽法涓撲笟鑰冪爺2015骞磋€冪爺鎶ュ悕鏃堕棿鍙婃姤鍚嶆祦绋?/a>2015鑰冪爺鏆戝亣澶嶄範 缈昏韩鍋氬闇歌秴寮哄涔犳敾鐣?/a>2013骞翠腑鍥界爺绌剁敓闄㈠尰瀛︽帓鍚?0寮?/a>銆愬涔犲鑰冦€?/span>
銆愪笓棰樻帹鑽愩€?/span>
2015骞磋€冪爺鏀挎不鏆戞湡澶囪€冨繀鐭?浠朵簨2015骞寸爺绌剁敓涓撲笟鐩綍 鍚勫鏍′笓涓氱洰褰?/a>鑰冪爺鏁板澶嶄範楂樻晥娉曪細鍒╃敤鐪熼渚嬮2015鑰冪爺澶囪€?鏁板 鑻辫鑰冪爺鏀挎不鍙茬翰寮哄寲澶嶄範闃舵濡備綍鐞嗘竻鎬濊矾2015骞磋€冪爺鏆戝亣澶嶄範璁″垝 鑰冪爺鏈堝巻 鑰冪爺鑻辫闃呰鐞嗚В瑙ｉ鏍稿績姝ラ鎸囧2015鑰冪爺涓撲笟璇惧涔?/a> 涓撲笟纭曞＋鑰冪爺
鏈枃鍏抽敭瀛楋細
鑰冪爺鑻辫鐪熼
鑰冪爺鑻辫
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