考研优美英语作文背诵035
新东方在线考研频道汇集整理了考研优美英语作文背诵总供考生参考，了解更多考研英语、考研政治、考研数学、考研专业课复习资料请登录新东方在线考研频道！OilRefining
An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil War.Crude oil, or petroleum -- a dark, thick oozefrom the earth -- had beenknown for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it. In the1850'sSamuel M. Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, begancollecting the oil from local seepages and refiningit into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a rawmaterial.
Kerosene was used tolight lamps. It was a cheapsubstitute for whale oil, which was becomingharder to get. Soonthere was a large demand for kerosene. People began tosearch for new supplies of petroleum.The first oil well was drilled by E. L.Drake, a retired railroad conductor. In 1859 he began drillinginTitusville, Pennsylvania. The whole venture seemed so impractical andfoolish that onlookers called it "Drake'sFolly". But whenhe had drilled down about 70 feet (21 meters), Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20barrels of crude oil a day.
News of Drake's success brought oil prospectors tothe scene. By the early 1860's these wildcatters were drillingfor"black gold" all over western Pennsylvania. The boom rivaled theCalifornia gold rush of 1848 in itsexcitement and WildWest atmosphere. And it brought far more wealth to the prospectorsthan any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products. For someyears kerosene continued to be the principal one. It wassold in grocerystores and door-to-door. In the 1880's refiners learned how to make other petroleumproducts suchas waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not then usedto make gasoline or heating oil.
全文翻译：炼油
一种重要的新兴工业--炼油业在国内战争后成长起来。未加工的石油，或原油--一种深 色的地下的稠浆--数百年来一直为大众所知，但是人们却很少使用过它。在十九世纪五十 年代，萨缪尔·M·科尔，宾西法尼亚西部的一位制造商，开始从当地的溢出物中收集石油并将它炼成煤油。与冶炼矿石一样，石油提炼是一个从未加工的原料中除去杂质的过程。煤 油被用来点灯。
它是鲸油的一种便宜的替代品，而鲸油正变得越来越难以获得。不久就产生了对煤油的大量需求。人们开始寻找新的石油供应。第一口油井为 E·L·瑞克，一个退休的火车检票员所钻得。1859年他开始在宾西法尼亚的泰特斯维尔钻井。整个的这项冒险事业看起来是如此不现实和愚蠢以致旁观者称之为"鸭子的蠢行"。(译者注：Drake'sFolly, drake 在这里意含双关，即指瑞克的名字，又指该词的本义即鸭子。)但当瑞克往下钻至 70 英尺(21 米)的时候，他发现了石油。他的油井从此每天生产20 桶原油。瑞克成功的 消息将石油勘探者们吸引到现场。 截止到 19 世纪 60 年代早期，这些冒险者为寻找"黑色的 金子"钻探遍了整个宾西法尼亚西部。 这项繁荣的事业在刺激性和粗犷的西部气氛上可与1848 年的加州淘金热相媲美，而且它为勘探者带来了远超过淘金潮的财富。原油能被提炼成许多产品。多年以来煤油一直是主要的一种产品。
它在杂货店中出售由人挨户推销。19 世纪八十九十年代炼油者们懂得了生产其它石油产品，如蜡和润滑油。那时石油还没有被用来制造汽油或采暖装置用油。
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