考研英语新题型:段落主题选择题
考研英语新题型考察方式并不固定，虽然考察的宗旨都是一样的，但不同题型的做题方法还是存在出入的。下面，我们就段落主题选择题的解题步骤给大家进行简单的分析。解题原则分析：
名词主体论，动作决定论：文章以及段落都是由主题句和细节句构成的。主题句表明段落或篇章的中心，细节句是为主题句而服务的。即，主题句指明段落及文章的方向，细节句则是支撑主题的具体事例，引语，统计，比喻或者实验。同时，无论主题句还是细节句均由单词组成：名词表达主体，动词确定趋势，形容词和副词表示性质。因此，把握文章每一个段落的中心思想无须透彻理解整个段落，段落中的名词即可指明方向，确定主题，即，名词主体论。主体名词对应的动作体现主语内容和趋向，因此，准确体现主题句动作的段落即为该主题句所对应的段落，即，动作决定论。
解题步骤分析：
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutplagiarismin
theacademiccommunity.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Ffor
eachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Whattodoasastudent?
Variousdefinitionsofplagiarism
Ideasshouldalwaysbesourced
Ignorancecanbeforgiven
Plagiarismisequivalenttotheft
Theconsequencesofplagiarism
Scholars,writersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherperson’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworld,thetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.Simplystated,plagiarismis“thewrongfulappropriationorpurloining,andpublicationasone’sownoftheideas,ortheexpressionofideasofanother.”
41
Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation.Inmanyuniversities,thepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliteraryworld,wherewritersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlaws,thepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwriters,throughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunities,isarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources.
42
Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofplagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyareplagiarismbyaccident,byignorance,andbyintention.
43
Plagiarismbyaccident,oroversight，sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongago,hearditinalecturesinceforgotten,oracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainst,itistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished.
44
Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfordocumentation-note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listingbibliography--areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.Although‘thereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem,’thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged.
45
Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention.Thewriter,limitedbyhislazinessanddullness,copiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlysteals,hetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention.
Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement:Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources.Students,asdevelopingscholars,writers,teachers,andprofessionalleaders,shouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarship,theywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty.
1、主题句的分析、提炼
利用名词主体论分析提炼供选择主题句的主体名词，同时提炼对应的动作!
主体名词---对应动作
Whattodoasastudent?Student-----dosomething
Variousdefinitionsofplagiarismplagiarism-----definition
Ideasshouldalwaysbesourcedidea-----besourced
Ignorancecanbeforgivenignorance-----beforgiven
Plagiarismisequivalenttotheftplagiarism-----theft
Theconsequencesofplagiarismplagiarism-----consequence
2、段落主体及动作的把握
段落内容的理解(中间有转折词，看转折词所在句;没有转折词看段首句和段尾句)，重点关注动作。
3、主题句与段落对应选择
段落的主体名词与供选主题句的主体名词进行对应，缩小选项范围;段落的动作与范围内的动作进行对应，准确选择答案!
41题对应段落主体及动作来源于段首句和段尾句：Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation.…Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources.
主体名词为：plagiarism和social
对应动作为：Thepenaltiesforplagiarism“学术剽窃的惩罚”varyfromsituationtosituation.“因形式而异”…requirewriterstogivescrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources.“要求作者格外关注其材料的来源给出注解”。对应选项为：F
42题对应段落主体及动作来源于段首句：Students,asinexperiencedscholarsthemselves,mustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords,otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.
主体名词为：students
对应动作为：avoidvariouskindofplagiarism“避免各种剽窃”，beingself-critical“自我批评”
对应选项为：A
43题对应段落主体来源于段落前两句,动作来源于段落尾句：Plagiarismbyaccident,oroversight，sometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom….Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainst,itistheleastseriousand,iflessonslearned,canbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished.
主体名词为：plagiarism
对应动作为：byaccident“意外”,istheresultofthewriter’sinability“是作者无能的结果”,beguardedagainst“小心提防”，exemptfrombeingseverelypunished“未被严厉惩罚”
对应选项为：D
44题对应段落主体及动作来源于段落首句和尾句：Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.…Although‘thereisnocopyrightinnews,orinideas,onlyintheexpressionofthem,’thewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged.
主体名词为：plagiarism和writer
对应动作为：donotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources“不知道信息来源”，documentation-note-taking,quoting,footnoting,listing“笔记，引用，脚注，列举”cannotpleadignorance“不能恳求当作无知”,hissourcesforideas“思想的来源”arechallenged“受到质疑”。
对应选项为：C
45题对应段落主体及动作来源于段落首句和尾句：Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention….Suchwordsasimmoral,dishonest,offensive,anddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention.
主体名词为：plagiarism和words
对应动作为：academicthievery“学术盗窃”，areusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarism“被用来描述故意的学术剽窃”。
对应选项为：E
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