新东方考研语法讲堂36
4、现在完成时的用法现在完成时强调的是现在的结果或影响，是个现在时态，不与明确表示过去某个时间的状语连用；常与 already, ever, lately, just, now, recently, today, tonight, yet, this week, this year, for+时间名词，in the last three years, in the past three years, so far (到目前为止)，up till now (直到现在)， up to the present (直到现在) 等包括现在在内的时间状态语连用。例如：
Where have you been this year? 今年你去过哪里。
Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到现在已经发生了巨大变化。
Did Mary come here for a visit? She has visited China twice since 1989.
5、过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示动作发生在过去某个时间或动作之前。如果发生有两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时：
It is five years since I left middle school.（以现在为依据） 我离开中学到现在已经有五年了。
It was five years since I had left middle school.（以过去为依据） 我离开中学到那时已经有五年了。
By the end of last month they had already made 25 million dollars. 到上月底他们已经挣了两千五百万美元了。
The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 电影已经开始几分钟了他才到电影院。
注意：动词 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图。例如：
They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他们本希望能来看我的。
I had thought to meet her there. 我想过（或我本想）在那里见她。
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