2016考前点睛：英语一新题型高频考点及解题技巧
2016考研倒计时8天，最后这几天拼的是爆发力，拼的是方法和效率，每个科目复习都要集中精力做更利与提分和决定成败的部分，先攻克主要矛盾。新东方在线分享2016考研考前点睛系列为大家指点迷津，把握重点。下面是对英语一阅读新题型的高频考点及解题技巧分享，通过真题讲解，更容易掌握，大家认真查看学习。2016考前点睛：英语一新题型高频考点及解题技巧
一、炙热题型--排序题考前得分要领
段落排序题仍然是今年的备考重点，全部做对该题目的可能性微乎其微，所以就需要讲究方法，在考场上多快好省的确保拿到6～8分。拿分要领为：答对首段(如果没有给)和第二段，以及已知段后面的一段，即对2-3个，剩下的，不要做了，直接选一个肯定入选但不确定排哪里的答案。
【解题步骤】
1.阅读已经固定的段落
如果固定段落是首末段，那么通过阅读首末段就可以得知整个文章的主旨大意，还要注意将已经确定的两个选项从卷子上划去，防止引起不必要的混乱;如果是首段+中间段，那也可以知道大意和文章部分内容信息。
但是，如果首段没有要先选出首段。 2.如何选首段 首段的特点： 1)首句不含有代词，不含有总结性、过渡性词(转折、因果、顺延等)
2)一般不含有最高级、第一或最后意思的词语，因为首段没有比较的对象。 3.阅读选项，尤其是首尾句。给段落作初步的位置预知和组块
考生做不到一次性排出来，能排出来的就排，一时定不了的，做如下工作： 1)位置预知：含so,
conclude等表示结束的词，可能作为尾段。但是也要警惕未必，总之还是要综合看。
2)组块：
有些段一看就觉得应该一个前一个后，比如A段讲有的人不参加选举，然后有人调查原因，F段讲一些人在发言，说自己对选举的看法，那么AF可能就组到一块了。
另一种情况，上段确定了，下段是谁?有两个选项都可能是，怎么办?谁与首段主题词重复或者论证的程度越多的，就选谁;关系不大的，不要选。
例如：2010年真题中C选项，有点像可选项，犹豫不决。2010年真题，C段。此段仔细看，它强调的是food and drink
market如何随顾客而变化，偏离全文主题--retail & wholesale。所以排除。
3)精确排列各个段落的顺序，利用其它关联词进行验证。
【例题】2011年
No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm
as the humanities. You can, Mr. Menand points out, become a lawyer in three
years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a
doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of
all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.
His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages,
philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of
American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in
history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want
their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every
educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a
"general education" should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes, "The great
books are read because they have been read"-they form a sort of social glue.
Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for
which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is
partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer
students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more
bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students
require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis-writing, many
humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not
been trained.
One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they
cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts
education and professional education should be kept separate, taught in
different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than
half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future
doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before
embarking on a professional qualification.
Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top
American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public
money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants
rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as
research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral
degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a
third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind
professionalisation, argues Mr. Menand, is that "the knowledge and skills needed
for a particular specialisation are transmissible but not transferable." So
disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but
also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to
alter the way in which "the producers of knowledge are produced". Otherwise,
academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from
the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. "Academic inquiry, at
least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic."
Yet quite how that happens, Mr. Menand does not say.
The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform
and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student
thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go
elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American universities,
and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captures it
skillfully.
G → 41. → 42. →E → 43. → 44. →45.
【解题步骤】
1.精读首段：
G段，出现了关键词The difficulty of a police
captain，说明本篇文章是"提出问题-分析问题-解决问题"型。(意见：G段中，并没有出现 上述的关键词)
2.通读段首尾，模块组合+位置预知。
根据上述的八大方法，找出各个段落段首/尾的关联词，具体分布为：
Not surprisingly
His concern
Equally unsurprisingly
One reason, such courses…. be kept separate
this separation
The key to
其次，F选项中出现了The key
to是在"解决问题"，大致定位应该在最后两个空的某个，同样，B选项中出现了concern，属于提出问题，根据逻辑排序，也应该排最后两个空的某个。所以初步的填写是：
G→ 41. B → 42. → E→ 43. → 44. F → 45. F
另外，A选项中出现了Not surprisingly，C中出现了Equally unsurprisingly，所以顺序是A>C.
D选项中出现了reason是在分析问题，可以放在中间三个。因此目前的顺序是：
G→ 41. B → 42. → E→ 43. → 44. F → 45. F
D D D
A> C
3.精确定位
根据A和C选项的顺序，二者不能分开，所以只能放在43和44，D只能放在42，所以正确的顺序是：
G→ 41. B → 42. D → E→ 43. A → 44. C → 45. F
二、炙热题型--完型填句(段)考前得分要领
【解题步骤】
第一步：找出各选项的关联词
第二步：将代词后面指代的内容还原回文章，进行匹配。
【解题技巧】
第一，选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。
第二，选项中出现代词时，该选项往往不能放在首句，要能分辨出该代词所指的内容：it可指代前面的单数名词或整个句子;they或them指代前面的复数名词;one指代前面的单数可数名词;that指代前面的不可数名词或句子;this指代前面的单数名词或句子。
第三，将选项与原文对比时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是正确选项。
第四，做完型填句(段)题时不用按顺序做，先做简单的后做难的，注意寻找上下文中的关键信息。
【例题】2013年
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a
million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working
both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report
2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11%
every year since 2000.
Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today's global
challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and
health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to
eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers .
Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food,
wealth and prosperity.
(42)____This is a shame-the community should be grasping the opportunity to
raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist
Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative
destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and
internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses
reveal that the number of papers including the keywords "environmental changed"
or "climate change" have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____.
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often
local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for
example .And whether the community's work contributes much to an overall
accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this
is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social
scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in
today's economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework
funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social
scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a
new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has
resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect
social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more
collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving
global problems.
It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:
one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals,
and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy
briefs.
However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the
100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these
Keywords.
the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other
categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine
research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative
and secure societies.
the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and
what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation
ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young
ones.
These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require
behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development.
Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption
patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean
energy.
Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle
such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a
specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within
cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the
humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including
government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to
25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.
【解题步骤】
1. 找选项关键词
two communities: one that is …and one that is …
the numbers, 2010, these Keywords.
the idea is, integrate their work
the solution
These issues, Stemming climate change, for example ,
these factors, such problems .
funds, 4% to 25%; 15%.
2. 关键词匹配文章
the numbers ,2010, these Keywords.匹配到43空前的number和Keywords.
the idea is,integrate their work匹配到45空前的idea和collaborate
These issues, Stemming climate change , for example。利用for
example可以匹配到41空前的原词，these issues可以匹配到including后面的许多因素。
these factors, such problems. 利用such problems匹配到42空前的problems，these
factors匹配到前面的冒号后的内容。
funds, 4% to 25%; 15%.匹配到44空后的that is …amount。
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