考研阅读精选：踏入律师行业障碍重重－真的缺少律师吗？
『律师们谨慎地控制着本行业中律师的数量，如此一来，他们便可以推高自己的工资了。』Barriers to entry in the legal profession：Not enough lawyers?
踏入律师行业障碍重重：真的缺少律师吗？
Sep 3, 2011 | From The Economist
“OVERLAWYERED” is the name of a widely read blog on America’s legal system, and many Americans feel that way. Yet three economists think the country is actually plagued by too few lawyers, not too many. Clifford Winston and Robert Crandall of the Brookings Institution, a think-tank, and Vikram Maheshri of the University of Houston, published a book last month arguing that barriers to entry have kept the number of lawyers artificially low for decades. This—combined with an economy over-regulated by lawyers who go on to politics—results in an unearned premium on legal wages.
Three supply barriers bulk largest. The American Bar Association accredits law schools, and in most states you must be a graduate of one of them to practise law. (California, most notably, lets students practise who have passed the bar without attending law school. Pass rates are a respectable 15%, against 30% for graduates of bar-approved law schools.) The authors note that Abraham Lincoln, who practised for decades, and Clarence Darrow, perhaps the most celebrated criminal defender in American history, did not graduate from law school.
The second hurdle for a would-be lawyer is the bar exam itself. Proponents say it acts as a useful quality control. Opponents say it is a gruelling but useless ritual. In 2005 the dean of Stanford University’s law school, going into private practice, failed it on her first try. So did Benjamin Cardozo, a 1930s Supreme Court justice and prolific scholar, who today has a law school named after him. Today students pay thousands of dollars to study for their bar exams, even after they have finished law school. But even after they pass, the bosses of legal firms note that new hires still need to be taught nearly everything about actual practice on the job.
Finally, American states do not allow non-lawyers to manage or invest in law firms, nor can companies not run by lawyers practise law in any form. Messrs Winston, Crandall and Maheshri think that—in a more sensible world—bam�ky"http://kaoyan.koolearn.com/zhuanshuo/mt/" target="_blank">mtzLCBjb25zdWx0YW5jaWVzLCBhY2NvdW50YW5jaWVzIGFuZCBvdGhlcnMgY291bGQgaGlyZSBsYXd5ZXJzIGFuZCBvZmZlciBhIGZ1bGwgcmFuZ2Ugb2Ygc2VydmljZXMsIGluY2x1ZGluZyBsZWdhbCBvbmVzLiBBbmQgdGhvc2Ugd2l0aG91dCB0aGUgYmFyIGV4YW0gb3IgbGF3IHNjaG9vbCB1bmRlciB0aGVpciBiZWx0IGNvdWxkIHN0aWxsLCB3aXRoIHRyYWluaW5nIGFuZCBleHBlcmllbmNlLCBkaXNwZW5zZSByb3V0aW5lIGd1aWRhbmNlIGFuZCBvZmZlciBsZWdhbCBzZXJ2aWNlcywgc3VjaCBhcyBkcmFmdGluZyB3aWxscyBhbmQgYXJyYW5naW5nIHNpbXBsZSBkaXZvcmNlcywgdG8gcG9vcmVyIGNsaWVudHMuIERvaW5nIHNvIHRvZGF5IHJpc2tzIGdldHRpbmcgYSBmYWxzZSAmbGRxdW87bGF3eWVyJnJkcXVvOyBzZW50IHRvIHByaXNvbi48L3A+PHA+44CA44CASW4gMjAwMCB0aGUgYXZlcmFnZSBBbWVyaWNhbiBsYXctZmlybSBsYXd5ZXIgbWFkZSAkMTkxLDAwMC4gRXhhY3RseSBjb21wYXJhYmxlIG51bWJlcnMgYXJlIHNjYXJjZSwgYnV0IHRoZSBhdmVyYWdlIHNhbGFyeSBmb3IgYWxsIGxhd3llcnMgaW4gQ2FuYWRhIGluIDIwMDIgd2FzIGp1c3QgJDY0LDAwMDsgaW4gQXVzdHJhbGlhIGluIDIwMDAgaXQgd2FzICQ5MCwwMDAuIEFtZXJpY2FuIGxhd3llcnMgYXJlIGNsZWFybHkgcmVhcGluZyBzb21lIGtpbmQgb2YgcHJlbWl1bSwgYW5kIHRoZSBlY29ub21pc3RzIGJlaGluZCB0aGUgQnJvb2tpbmdzIHN0dWR5IGNhcmVmdWxseSBjb250cm9sIGZvciBhIGhvc3Qgb2YgZmFjdG9ycyBpbmNsdWRpbmcgbG9uZyBob3VycywgYXJlYXMgb2Ygc3BlY2lhbGlzYXRpb24sIGFuZCBpbmhlcmVudCB0YWxlbnQuIFRoZXkgcmVja29uIHRoYXQgb2YgdGhlICQxNzAgYmlsbGlvbiBzcGVudCBvbiBsYXd5ZXJzIGV2ZXJ5IHllYXIgaW4gQW1lcmljYSwgc29tZSAkNjQgYmlsbGlvbiBpcyBhIHByZW1pdW0gcHJvZHVjZWQgYnkgbWFya2V0IGRpc3RvcnRpb25zLiBUaGUgZWNvbm9teSBzdWZmZXJzIGFub3RoZXIgJDEwIGJpbGxpb24gaW4gYW5udWFsICZsZHF1bztkZWFkd2VpZ2h0JnJkcXVvOyBsb3NzJm1kYXNoO2Vjb25vbWljIGFjdGl2aXR5IHN0aWZsZWQgb3IgZGV0ZXJyZWQgYnkgdGhlIGNvc3Qgb2YgdGhlIHN5c3RlbS48L3A+PHA+44CA44CATGF3eWVycyBwcm9tcHRseSBmaWxsZWQgdGhlIEFtZXJpY2FuIEJhciBBc3NvY2lhdGlvbiZyc3F1bztzIHdlYnNpdGUgd2l0aCBzYXJjYXN0aWMgY29tbWVudHMgYWJvdXQgdGhlIHN0dWR5LCBtdXNpbmcgYWJvdXQgZXh0ZW5kaW5nIHRoZWlyIHByYWN0aWNlcyBpbnRvIHN1cmdlcnkgYW5kIG1vcnRnYWdlIGxlbmRpbmcuIFRoZSBCcm9va2luZ3MgYXV0aG9ycyBhY2tub3dsZWRnZSB0aGF0IHRoZSBtb3N0IGNvbXBsZXggbWF0dGVycyB3aWxsIHN0aWxsIGdvIHRvIHRoZSBiZXN0LWVkdWNhdGVkIGFuZCBxdWFsaWZpZWQgbGF3eWVycy4gQnV0IHRoZSBpbnRlcm5ldCBhbmQgb3RoZXIgdG9vbHMgY291bGQgYWxsb3cgdGhlIGF2ZXJhZ2UgY2xpZW50IHRvIHN1cnZleSBhIG11Y2ggd2lkZXIgcmFuZ2Ugb2YgbGF3eWVycyZyc3F1bzsgcGFzdCB3b3JrIGFuZCByZWNvbW1lbmRhdGlvbnMuPC9wPjxwPuOAgOOAgFF1YWxpdHkgY29udHJvbCBpcyBhbHdheXMgaW1wZXJmZWN0OyB0aGUgY3VycmVudCBxdWFsaWZpY2F0aW9uIHN5c3RlbSwgYWZ0ZXIgYWxsLCBsZXRzIGJvdGggaW5jb21wZXRlbnQgYW5kIHVuZXRoaWNhbCBsYXd5ZXJzIHRocm91Z2guIE1yIFdpbnN0b24gc2F5cyB0aGF0IG92ZXJzaWdodCB3b3VsZCBiZSBhIG11Y2ggYmV0dGVyIG1ldGhvZCB0aGFuIHJlc3RyaWN0aW9ucyBvbiBzdXBwbHkuIE1hbnkgY2xldmVyIHBlb3BsZSBhcmUgYmFkIGF0IHRha2luZyB0ZXN0cywgb3IgYXJlIG5vdCBhYmxlIHRvIHNwZW5kICQxNTAsMDAwIG9uIGxhdyBzY2hvb2wuIFRoZSBxdWVzdGlvbiBpcyB3aGV0aGVyIHRoZSB0ZW5zIG9mIGJpbGxpb25zIG9mIGRvbGxhcnMgYmVpbmcgd2FzdGVkIG9uIHRoZSBjdXJyZW50IHN5c3RlbSBhcmUgYW4gYWNjZXB0YWJsZSBjb3N0IGZvciBrZWVwaW5nIGEgZmV3IGJhZCBsYXd5ZXJzLCBhbG9uZ3NpZGUgbWFueSBkZWNlbnQgb25lcywgZnJvbSBvZmZlcmluZyB0aGVpciB3YXJlcy4gKDY2MSB3b3Jkcyk8L3A+PHA+44CA44CA5paH56ug5Zyw5Z2A77yaPGEgaHJlZj0="http://www.economist.com/node/21528280">http://www.economist.com/node/21528280
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