2007年考研英语阅读mp3(含字幕)
http://f1.w.hjfile.cn/doc/201507/200701010739047.mp3
Text 1
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:
如果你打算在 2006 年世界杯锦标赛上调查所有足球运动员的出生证明，那么你很有可能发现一个引人注目的巧合：
elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.
优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。
If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
如果你接着调查世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话，那么你会发现这一奇怪的现象甚至更明显。
What might account for this strange phenomenon?
什么可以解释这一奇怪的现象呢？
Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;
下面是一些猜测：a）某种占星术征兆使人具备更高的足球技能；
b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;
b）冬季出生的婴儿往往具有更高的供氧能力，这增加了踢足球的持久力；
c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania;
c）热爱足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期）怀孕；
d) none of the above.
d）以上各项都不是。
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.”
58岁的安德斯·埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一名心理学教授，他坚信"以上各项都不是"这一猜测。
Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.
在瑞典长大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他认识到，如果他转向心理学领域，他将会有更多机会从事自己的研究。
His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory:
他的首次试验是在大约30年以前进行的，与记忆相关：
training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.
训练一个人先听一组任意挑选的数字，然后复述这些数字。
“With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls.
"在经过大约 20小时的训练之后，第一个试验对象（复述）的数字跨度从 7个上升到 20个，" 埃里克森回忆说。
“He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”
"该试验对象不断进步，在接受大约 200个小时的训练后，他复述的数字已经达到 80多个。"
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.
这一成功，连同后来证明的记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，使得埃里克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习。
In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.
换句话说，无论两个人在记忆力能力上可能存在怎样的天生差异，这些差异都会被每个人如何恰当地"解读"所记的信息所掩盖。
And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice.
埃里克森确信，了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程。
Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.
有意练习需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一个任务。
Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
相反，它包括确定明确的目标、获得即时的反馈以及技术与结果的浓缩。
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer.
因此，埃里克森和他的同事开始研究包括足球领域在内的广泛领域中专业执行者。
They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.
他们收集了能够收集的所有资料，不只是表现方面的统计数据和传记详细资料，还包括他们自己对取得很高成就的人员进行的实验室实验结果。
Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.
他们的研究得出了一个非常令人惊奇的结论--我们通常称为天分的特征被高估了。
Or, put another way, expert performers - whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming - are nearly always made, not born.
或者，换句话说，专业执行者――无论是在记忆还是手术方面，在芭蕾还是计算机编程领域――几乎总是培养的，而不是天生的。
http://f1.w.hjfile.cn/doc/201507/200703010736190.mp3
Text 2
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities.
在过去的十几年里，美国那些曾经可以依靠辛勤劳动和公平条件维持稳定收入的中产阶层家庭的生活被经济风险和新现实改变了。
Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
如今，一份解雇通知书、一个不利的诊断结果或者配偶的去世都可能在几个月之内将一个家庭从稳定的中产阶层家庭降格成为一个新贫困家庭。
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics.
在仅仅一代人的时间里，数百万母亲出去工作，改善家庭的基本经济状况。
Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.
学者、决策者以及各类批评人士对这些变化的社会意义争论不休，但是，很少有人关注这些变化的副作用：家庭的风险增加了。
Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.
如今的家庭根据其新的双收入限度安排开支。
As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback - a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.
因此，它们失去了它们在经济萧条时期曾经有过的缓解举措——一个后备挣钱者（通常是妈妈），如果家庭的主要挣钱者失业了或者病倒了，她可以出去工作。
This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.
这种“额外工人效应”可以支撑失业保险或残疾保险提供的安全网，以便帮助家庭渡过难关。
But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
但现在，家庭财产的损失再也不可能通过呆在家里的其他伴侣的额外收入来弥补了。
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.
在同一时期，要求家庭在其退休收入中承担更多风险。
Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.
钢铁厂的工人、航空公司的职员和汽车产业工人加入了数百万不得不担心利率、股市波动以及可能比其退休收入存在时间更长的严酷现实家庭。
For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.
在去年的大部分时间里，布什总统一直致力于将社会保险体制转变成一种储蓄存款账户模式，要求退休人员将其大多数或所有保障报酬用来交换依靠投资回报所得的报酬。
For younger families, the picture is not any better.
对于更年轻的家庭来说，前景不容乐观。
Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen - and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare.
卫生保健和家庭承担份额的绝对成本都上涨了——而且，最近实施的健康储蓄计划正在从立法机关扩展到沃尔玛员工，包含大量更高的减免，并且给家庭未来的卫生保健带来许多新投资风险。
Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent - and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance - have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
甚至人口统计状况也对中产阶层家庭不利，因为有一个体弱、年迈的父母——以及由此而产 生的所有物资和经济援助——就在仅仅一代人的时间里增长了8倍。
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.
从中产阶层家庭的角度来看，大多数情况是可以理解的，这根本不像一种发挥更多支付能力的机会，而是像一种将经济风险大规模转向那些已经负担过重的家庭的令人恐惧的加速行为。
The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.
经济副作用已经开始，政治副作用可能也将开始。
http://f1.w.hjfile.cn/doc/201507/200704010755917.mp3
Text 3
It never rains but it pours.
不鸣则易，一鸣惊人
Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them - especially in America - the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.
正当老板和董事长终于解决了最糟糕的财务和规章问题并加强其公司的薄弱管理之后，数据安全这个新问题又威胁到他们。该问题以让人厌恶的方式出现在头版头条新闻中（尤其在美国)，进而不可避免地导致管理层的走马换任。
Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety.
在这之前，信息保护通常还只是临时的、低层次的值息技术员的工作，并且只被诸如银行、电信、航空公司等数据量大的行业重视，可现在这个问题被放在了各行各业老板的议亊日程的重要位置。
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year - from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley - have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.
今年发生了多起消费者和员工信息的重大泄密事件。这些泄密事件发生在时代华纳、美国国防部承包的科学应用国际公司以及加州大学伯克利分校这样的不同机构。这使得管理人员匆忙检查那些复杂的信息系统和商业程序，以便寻找潜在隐患。
“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University's business school.
斯坦福大学商学院的海姆·门德尔森认为“信息正在成为一种需要像保护其他财产一样而保护的财产”。
“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders. ”
“保护消费者信息的能力是市场价值的关键因素，这是董事会应该为了股东的利益而承担的责任”。
Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School.
纽约哥伦比亚商学院的埃尼·诺姆暗示，事实上正如存在公认会计原则的观念一样，或许可能应该是采取公认安全措施的时候了。
“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one, ” he says.
他表示“为安全、备份以及恢复确定适当的投资标准是一个管理问题，不是技术问题。”。
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.
其神秘在于，对任何老板来说，这可能是一个意外。
Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore - and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
然而显而易见的是：对于最迟钝的管理人员来说，诚信是最珍贵经济财产，却被轻易地破坏，而恢复诚信的代价高昂。而且，一个公司让敏感的个人信息落入不法分子之手。这是最可能破坏诚信的了。
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged - though not justified - by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage.
这类事情的现状可能受到缺乏有关信息泄露的法律处罚（在美国，不是在欧洲）的激励，尽管还没有的到证实。
Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray.
直到加利福尼亚最近通过了一项法律，美国的公司不必告知任何人信息何时泄露，甚至包括受害人。
That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D. C.
这种情况可能迅速改变：如今，许多被提议的信息保护立法正在华盛顿特区讨论。
Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
同时，6 月 17 日有关偷窃约 4000 万信用卡账户信息事件的披露给此前一天美国商务委员会的一个重要决定蒙上阴影，该决定的内容是：如果公司没有提供适当的信息安全保护措施，那么监管人员就会采取行动。
http://f1.w.hjfile.cn/doc/201507/200705010787326.mp3
text4
The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.
几个世纪以来，有关法律的研究一直被看成是欧洲各国大学的一门基本的知识学科。
However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.
不过，只是在最近几年有关法律的研究才成为加拿大大学教育的一门学科。
Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
传统上在加拿大的高等学府里，学习法律一直被看作是律师的专门工作，而不是一个受过良好教育的人所必须具备的知识素养。
Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.
幸运的是，加拿大的许多大学正在树立法律教育更传统、更具有大陆特性的观念，有些甚至已经开始授予法律学士学位.
If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.
如果有关法律的研究正在开始成为普通教育一个不可缺少的学科的话，那么它的目的和方法应该会即刻吸引新闻学教育家。
Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.
法律是一门学科，这门学科鼓励进行有责任的判断。
On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom.
一方面，它分析提供了分析如公正、民主以及自由概念的机会。
On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.
另一方面，法律又将正义、民主和自由这些观念与日常生活中的实际联系在一起，其方式就如同新闻工作者在报道和评论新闻事件时，以日常生活为基础，使这些观念与实际情况相结合一样。
For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.
比如，有关证据和事实、基本权利和公众利益这样的概念在新闻判断和新闻制作过程中起作用，就像在法庭上一样。
Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist's intellectual preparation for his or her career.
通过学习并且反省法律来强化判断是一名新闻记者为其事业进行知识准备时渴望实现的。
But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
但是，新闻工作者对于法律的理解应该比普通公民更加深刻，这个观点是建立在对新闻媒体的既定规范和特殊的社会责任有深刻认识之上的。
Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists.
政治，或者更广泛一点，国家的职能，是新闻记者报道的一个主要方面。
The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be.
他们对国家运作的方式了解越多，他们的报道就越优秀。
In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.
实际上，很难想象那些对加拿大宪法的基本特点缺乏清晰了解的新闻工作者能够胜任政治新闻报道的工作。
Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.
此外，法律体系以及其中发生的事件是新闻记者报道的主题。
While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.
虽然与法律有关的新闻报道的性质差别很大，但是，许多新闻记者过分依赖律师提供给他们的诠释。
While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.
律师的评论和反应当然能够提升新闻报道的价值，但是记者们最好还是依靠自己对于事件重要性的认识来做出判断。
These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.
只能通过对法律体系的深刻了解才能得出。
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