2009年考研英语阅读真题(mp3+字幕)
http://f1.w.hjfile.cn/doc/201507/200902020743516.mp3
Text 1
It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom - or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad.
俗话说，贤父知己子，但是如今男人可以提升自己做父亲的智慧，或者至少可以确认自己是孩子的父亲了。
All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore - and another $120 to get the results.
他所要做的就是在住所附近的药店里付30美元买一个父子关系测试包(PTK)，然后另支付 120美元以获得结果。
More than 60, 000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.
道格·福格是 Identigene(生产在药店可以出售的测试包的公司)的首席运营官，他指出自从去年 PTK 无需处方就可以买到以来，购买者已经超过 6万人。
More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.
超过24家公司直接向公众出售 DNA 检测工具，价格从几百美元到 2500多美元不等。
Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.
最受欢迎的 DNA 测试是父子和血缘关系检测，被收养的孩子可以利用它找到自己的血缘亲属，家庭也可以用它追踪到被收养的孩子。
DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .
最近DNA 检测受到许多热情的族谱学家追捧，同时还为那些家族寻根服务公司提供了支持。
Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.
大多数的测试需要从唾液中提取细胞，将其送至公司进行检测。
All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.
所有的测试都需要另外一个相关人员的 DNA 进行比对。
But some observers are skeptical.
但是观察家们持怀疑态度。
"There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing, " says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist.
纽约州立大学的社会学家特洛伊·达斯特说，"那些声称可以进行血统检测的人，他们兜售的测试有一定的不准确性。"
He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.
他注意到每个人都有许多祖先，仅几个世纪以前就有几百个之多。
Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.
但是多数血统检测只考虑某个单一系统，或者是遗传自父亲的 Y 染色体，或者是只由母亲遗传的线粒体 DNA。
This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors,
这个 DNA 只揭示了一两个祖先的基因信息。
even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.
但是例如：仅仅3代之前除了曾祖父母，他们还有 6个外曾祖父母，或者 4 代以前除了曾曾祖父母，他们还有 14个外曾曾祖父母。
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.
批评家们还争论说商业性基因检测的好坏取决于参照基因数据库的好坏。参照基因数据库是用来同样本进行对比的。
Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.
一些公司数据库里的数据并非系统性的采集取得的，而是将不同研究项目的信息胡乱搜集在一起。
This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person's test result may differ depending on the company that processes the results.
这意味某个DNA数据库可能包含某些地区很多的信息，却没有别的地区的信息。所以一个人的测试结果会随着测试公司的不同而不同。
In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.
此外，公司评估血缘关系的电脑程序可能申请了专利，不能对该程序进行同行审查、外界评估。
http://f1.w.hjfile.cn/doc/201507/200904020787581.mp3
Text 2
The most thoroughly studied intectuals the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.
在新大陆的历史上，被研究地最彻底的学者是 17世纪新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖们。
According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits. "
根据美国标准哲学史的记载，在美洲殖民地中，“其他地区的人对学术的追求都没有这么狂热。”
According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.
据许多书籍及文章记载，新英格兰的领袖们在美国学术界中确立了正在发展、后来成为主流的清教传统的基本主题和关注点。
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.
通过这条途径来了解新英格兰人，通常意味着要首先研究清教徒的神学创新和对于教会的不同理念--这是我们不可忽略的重要课题。
But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances.
但是为了与我们对南部学术界的研究保持一致，我们可以将最初的清教徒们视作欧洲文化的传 递者，他们根据新大陆的情况进行了调整。
The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.
新英格兰作为殖民地，在追求广为人知的礼貌和艺术鉴赏力的过程中发生了许多重要事件。
The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.
到达马萨诸塞州的最早定居者包括那些在英格兰接受过良好的教育并深具影响力的英国人。
Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.
在 1629 年之后的十年间，除了 90多位来到马萨诸塞教堂的有学识的牧师，还有像约翰·温斯罗普这样的政治领袖，在到达波士顿之前，他是一位受过良好教育的绅士、律师及皇室官员。
There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.
这些人大量写作、出版书籍，新旧大陆都有读者，这样便给新大陆带来了热衷学术的氛围。
We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated.
但是，我们不应该忘记大多数新英格兰人没有受过良好教育。
While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.
极少有工匠或农民(更不用说靠他们养活的家人及仆人)留下文学作品以供分析，但是很明显，他们的观点并不具有很大的学术性。
Their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.
他们的思想中往往有一种传统的迷信成份。
A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs.
一个名为约翰·戴恩的裁缝于17世纪30年代末移民到新大陆，他留下一个记录，陈述了离开英格兰的理由，内容充满了预兆。
Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people. "
在一个决定性的时刻，他打开圣经，告诉父亲说，自己看到的第一行字会决定他的命运，他读了那些神奇的话语：“从他们中间出来，不要沾不洁净之物，我将成为你们的神，你们将成为我的子民。”性的混乱，经济挫折和宗教希望--这所有的一切在他打开圣经的一刹那都出现了。
One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.
人们想知道戴恩在清教教堂里听到布道牧师认真解释圣经时会作何感想。
Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion.
与此同时，许多定居者并没有戴恩那样虔诚，就像一位牧师在海边遇到一些人时听到的那样，那些人嘲弄说他们不是为了宗教来到新大陆的。
"Our main end was to catch fish. "
"我们的主要目的是为了捕鱼。"
http://f1.w.hjfile.cn/doc/201507/20090502077565.mp3
text3
There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young.
直接用于与他人交往的教育与专为年轻人设计的教育是明显不同的。
In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.
在前者中，教育具有偶然性，自然而又重要，但教育并不是交往的明确动机。
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.
可以说，衡量任何社会制度的价值在与它对扩大和改进经验的影响，但是这种影响并不是它最初动机的组成部分。
Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;
例如，宗教的交往始于希望维护对统治力量的热情，避免不良影响；
family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc.
家庭生活是希望满足欲望，维护家庭的永恒发展；在很大程度上，有计划的劳动是为了奴役他人等等。
Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.
只有逐步才能注意到一种制度的副作用，而要承认这种副作用是执行该制度的一种规定性因素则更加缓慢。
Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.
甚至今天，在工业生活中，除了勤劳和节俭这些价值之外，与有形的产出相比，我们很少对开展工作赖以存在的人类交往形式作出的智力和情感反应予以重视。
But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.
但是在与年轻人打交道时，交往本身是直接的，其重要性日益增加。
While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.
在和年轻人交往时，我们容易忽略自己的行为对他们性格的影响，但是在与成人打交道时却并不如此容易。
The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.
显而易见，这需要参加培训。改变他们态度和习惯的压力非常迫切，必须对这些结果予以充分考虑。
Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.
既然我们的主要任务是让年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住要考虑是否我们正在形成获得这种能力的力量。
If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.
如果人类在认识方面取得了进步，意识到任何机构的最终价值在于它对人类的特殊影响，我们就有充分的理由相信这种教训大部分是通过与年轻人的交往而获得的。
We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.
因此，我们要在从一直考虑的整个教育过程中辨认出一种比较正规的教育--直接教育或者学校教育。
In under-developed social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training.
我们发现，欠发达的社会群体很少有正规的教育和培训。
These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.
这些群体主要采取维护成年人忠于群体的交往形式，向年轻人灌输所需的性情。
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