历年真题精析——命题剖析及复习指导(6)
2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题答案与解析Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smeller compared with animals,1 this is largely because,2 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact 5, we are extremely sensitive to smells,6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells-we simply do not need to be .We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
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人类鼻子的功能常常被低估了。人们常认为，与动物相比，人类的嗅觉是迟钝的，而这在很大程度上是因为人类是直立的，这一点与动物不同。这就意味着我们的鼻子仅限于去感知空气中飘过的气味，而大部分的气味是附着的各种物体表面的，就被我们错过了。然而，事实上我们的嗅觉是十分敏感的，尽管我们通常都没有意识到这一点。即使当这些气味被冲淡到不及原来的百万分之一，我们的鼻子也能够分辨出不同的人类气味。
奇怪的是，有些人发现他们可以闻出一种花香，却闻不出另一种，而有些人却对两种花香都很敏感。这可能是因为有些人缺少某种基因，这种基因正好用于产生鼻子里对某种味道的感受器。这些感受器是由一些能感知气味并把信息传递给大脑的细胞构成。然而，研究发现即使人们最开始对某种气味不敏感，但当人们经常闻到这种气味后就能突然对它很敏感。
对气味的不敏感似乎可以这样解释，大脑发现让所有的气味感受器一直工作效率会很低，但可以在需要的时候触发新的接受器。这也可以解释为什么我们通常对自身的各种气味不敏感--只不过我们不需要这样做。我们不会觉察到我们自己房子的熟悉气味，但当我们拜访别人家时，就会注意到我们不熟悉的气味。大脑会使气味感受器可用于随时接受不熟悉的和紧急的信号，例如烟的气味，因为它可能意味着有着火的危险。
1. although as but while
2. above unlike excluding besides
3. limited committed dedicated confined
4. catching ignoring missing tracking
5. anyway though instead therefore
6. even if if only only if as if
7. distinguishing discovering determining detecting
8. diluted dissolved dispersed diffused
9. when since for whereas
10. unusual particular unique typical
11. signs stimuli messages impulses
12. at first at all at large at times
13. subjected left drawn exposed
14. ineffective incompetent inefficient insufficient
15. introduce summon trigger create
16. still also otherwise nevertheless
17. sure sick aware tired
18. tolerate repel neglect notice
19. available reliable identifiable suitable
20. similar to such as along with aside from
[内容提要]
人类的鼻子一直被低估了。基因能在鼻子里生成针对某种气味的感受器，以及对一些气味不敏感的原因。
1.[正确答案]C
[考查重点] 逻辑衔接
[解题过程] Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, this is largely because, animals, we stand upright. "人们常常认为，与动物相比，人类的嗅觉不够敏锐，......而这在很大程度上是因为人类直立行走，这一点与动物......。"although 表示让步；. as表示时间或者原因； but表示转折关系； while 表示时间或者对比。四个选项中，but是表示转折的并列连词，but后面的内容是语句重心所在。While也可以表示对比、转折，但作为从属连词也有让步含义。从本题前后的语义关系来看，后半句语义应当是重心所在。因此，正确答案为C。
2.[正确答案]B
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程]...this is largely because, animals, we stand upright. "而这在很大程度上是因为人类直立行走，这一点与动物......" 人类直立行走，而动物却不同。因此，正确答案为B。
3.[正确答案]A
[考查重点] 语义衔接/ 词汇辨析
[解题过程] This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air. "这意味着我们的鼻子......闻到漂浮在空气中的气味。"选项A. be limited to 被限制在......；B. be committed to 被交给......,答应承担......义务；C. be dedicated to 奉献，献给；D. be confined to 限制在，局限于。根据句意可以排除B、C项。be confined to有"把......局限/限制于"的含义，但是它一般用于具体范围的"局限、限制"，与句子的语境不符。因此，正确答案为A。
4.[正确答案]C
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择介词或者现在分词，将前面的句子和后面的名词连接到一起，体现紧密的逻辑关系。句子叙述到This means that our noses are limited to perceiving those smells which float through the air, the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. "这意味着我们的鼻子只能闻到漂浮在空气中的气味，......大多数在地表附近的气味。"不难发现，人类闻到的气味有限，没有闻到的地表的气味很多。选项A. catching 抓住；B. ignoring 忽略；C. missing 错过；D. tracking 跟踪，追溯。前面说我们的鼻子只能闻到浮在空气中的气味，对于大部分停留在表面的气味当然是"闻不到"。首先可以排除A、D项，ignore含有"有意不......"的意思，显然不符合语境。故正确答案为C。
5.[正确答案]B
[考查重点] 逻辑衔接
[解题过程] In fact, we are extremely sensitive to smells, we do not generally realize it. 由于本句中的in fact提示了转折关系，因此要选择转折的逻辑关系词。选项A. anyway 无论如何（表示让步）；B. though 虽然（表示让步或转折）；C. instead 相反；D. therefore 因此（表示结果）。四个选项中，只有though能与in fact连用表示转折（不过，事实上......）。因此，正确答案为B。
6.[正确答案]A
[考查重点] 逻辑衔接
[解题过程] In fact though, we are extremely sensitive to smells, we do not generally realize it. "事实上，我们对气味极其敏感，......我们一般没有意识到。" 选项A. even if 即使（表让步）；B. if only 但愿（后常接虚拟语气，表示愿望）；C. only if 如果（用于表达条件关系，only表强调）；D. as if 似乎（用于表达比较关系）。四个选项中只有A项 even if 用于表达让步关系"即使"。因此，正确答案为A。
7.[正确答案]D
[考查重点] 语义衔接/词汇辨析
[解题过程] 本题目选择动名词，在句子中充当谓语的动作内容。句子叙述到Our noses are capable of... human smells "我们的鼻子能够......人的气味"。选择谓语动词，主语和宾语提供信息决定答案。选项A. distinguishing 区别；B. discovering 发现；C. determining 决定；D. detecting发现，发觉，感知。我们的鼻子只能是感知（引申为闻到）人的气味"。因此，正确答案为D。
8.[正确答案]A
[考查重点] 语义衔接/ 词汇辨析
[解题过程] 本题目选择动词过去分词形式，构成 "be...to "的短语。Our noses are capable of detecting human smells even when these are to far below one part in one million. "我们的鼻子能够闻到人的气味，即使这些气味被......到百万分之一。" 选项A. diluted 稀释的（可以用在液体或气体的稀释）；B. dissolved 溶解(通常指固体溶解为液体)；C. dispersed 散开；D. diffused 扩散，弥漫。气味应该是被稀释或冲淡到百万分之一。因此，正确答案为A。
9.[正确答案]D
[考查重点] 逻辑衔接
[解题过程] Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. "奇怪的是，有些人发现他们可以闻到一种花香，却闻不出另一种，......有些人却对两种花香都很敏感。" 显然构成一种对比关系，只有whereas能用于引导表示转折关系的并列句。因此，正确答案为D。
10.[正确答案]B
[考查重点] 词汇辨析
[解题过程] 本题目选择形容词，修饰后面的名词。句子叙述到This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate smell receptors in the nose. "这意味着有些人的鼻子里缺少某种基因，这种基因是激发人鼻子里的......气味感知器所必需的。"选项A. unusual 不寻常的；B. particular 特别的，特定的；C. unique 独一无二的；D. typical 典型的。这种"气味感知器"具有感知气味这种特定的功能。因此，正确答案为B。
11.[正确答案]C
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择名词。句子叙述到These receptors are the cells which sense smells and sendto the brain. "这些感知器是一种细胞。这种细胞能够感知气味，并且向大脑传递......"选项A. signs 标记；B. stimuli 刺激；C. messages 信息，信号；D. impulses 冲动，推动。身体的各个器官向大脑传递的是信号。因此，正确答案为C。（补充：人体的每个器官附近都密布着神经末梢。在感受到外界刺激时，神经末梢紧张起来处理外界刺激转换成大脑能够辨认的信号，并将这些信号迅速传递给大脑。）
12.[正确答案]A
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell can suddenly become sensitive to it "然而，......对某种特定气味不敏感的人也能突然变得敏感起来。"在本句中，供选的状语修饰整个句子。选项A. at first 起初；B. at all 根本；C. at large 全面地，详细地，无拘无束地; D. at times 有时。由于谓语部分的频度状语"突然"体现了时间的交替关系，句子应该表达起初不敏感。因此，正确答案为A。
13.[正确答案]D
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when13to it often enough. "然而，起初对某种特定气味不敏感的人也会突然变得敏感起来，当他们经常......在这种气味中时。"选项A. be subjected to 遭受，屈服于；B. be left to 被留给......；C. be drawn to 被拖到......；D. be exposed to 暴露在......（经常接触）。语境表达的是人处于某种气味所笼罩的环境中。因此，正确答案为D。
14.[正确答案]C
[考查重点] 语义衔接/词汇辨析
[解题过程] The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds itto keep all smell receptors working all the time "认为鼻子不敏感的解释表明：大脑发现让所有的气味感知器一直处于工作状态是......的。" 选项A. ineffective 无效的，不起作用的；B. incompetent 不能胜任的；C. inefficient 效率低的；D. insufficient 不足的，不够的。根据语境，首先可以排除B、D项。ineffective 和 inefficient一个强调效果，一个强调效率。大脑发现让所有的气味感知器一直处于工作状态会使气味感知器的效率降低。因此，正确答案为C。
15.[正确答案]D
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can new receptors if necessary. "认为鼻子不敏感的解释表明：大脑发现让所有的气味感知器一直处于工作状态是效率低的。但是，需要时又可以......新的气味感知器。" 选项A. introduce 介绍，引进；B. summon 呼唤，号召；C. trigger 扣动扳机，一触即发；D. create 创造，产生（从无到有）。trigger the receptors"激活受体"是常见的搭配，但"激活"应该是对现已存在的食物而言。从空格后面的new来判断，只有create才符合逻辑。因此，正确答案为D。
16.[正确答案]B
[考查重点] 逻辑衔接
[解题过程] This may explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells-we simply do not need to be . "这......可以解释为什么我们通常对自己的气味不敏感--我们根本不需要（对自己的气味敏感）。"选项A. still 仍然；B. also 也；C. otherwise 否则；D. nevertheless 然而，虽然如此。"this"这个词就表明了逻辑关系应该是并列，翻译成"也"，表示和前面的句子是相同或者相近的含义。因此，正确答案为B。
17.[正确答案]C
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择 "be not...of "的结构，在句子中充当位于动词。句子叙述到We are not of the usual smell of our own house "一般我们没有......我们自己房间里的气味。" 此句的意思是：我们意识不到自己家里的气味，但当我们去拜访他人时就会留意到新的气味。因此，选aware of。 sure of "确信"，sick of "厌倦"，tired of "厌倦"都不合句意。
18.[正确答案]D
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] We are not aware of the usual smell of our own house but we new smells when we visit someone else's."我们意识不到自己家里的气味。但是，在拜访别人家时，我们......新的气味。"选项A. tolerate 忍受；B. repel 抵制；C. neglect 忽略；D. notice 注意到。句子中的 "but"提供了信息，前后两个句子含义相反。前面提到"没有注意到自己房间的气味"，后面就应该是闻到新的气味。因此，正确答案为D。
19.[正确答案]A
[考查重点]语义衔接
[解题过程] The brain finds it best to keep smell receptorsfor unfamiliar and emergency signals "大脑会使气味感知器......随时接受不熟悉的和紧急的信号"。选项A. available 可达到的，可工作的；B. reliable 可靠的；C. identifiable 可辨认的；D. suitable 适合的。 "大脑会使气味感知器工作来处理随时接受不熟悉和紧急信号"，故选available，符合句子含义。
20.[正确答案]B
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire."大脑会使气味感知器用于随时接受不熟悉的和紧急的信号，......烟的气味，因为预示着着火的危险"。选项A. similar to 相似于；B. such as 例如；C. along with 和......一起；D. aside from 除......之外。烟的气味恰恰被包含在前面相邻的"不熟悉和紧急信号"之中，应该选择表示列举意义的短语。因此，正确答案为B。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are goodnatured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services"than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, groupliving species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
每个人都喜欢大幅加薪，但是如果你知道你的一个同事薪水加得比你多，那么加薪带给你的喜悦就消失得无影无踪了。事实上，如果他有一个懒散的坏名声的话，你甚至会变得义愤填膺。这种行为被认为是"人之常情"，它假定了其他动物没有这样高度发达的不满情绪。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大Emory大学的Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal 进行的一项研究表明，猴子也有类似的情绪表达，这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》期刊上。
研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱，性格温顺乐于合作，愿意分享食物，最重要的是，就像女人们一样，它们往往比雄性更注意商品和服务的价值。
这些特性让它们成为Brosnan博士和de Waal博士最理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年时间教这些猴子们用代币换取食物。通常，猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是，当把两只猴子分别关在相邻的两个房间里，它们能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变得明显不同。
在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品（比黄瓜受欢迎得多）。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时，第二只猴子就不愿意自己的代币只换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另一只猴子就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外，或者拒绝接受黄瓜。事实上，只要在另一间屋子里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），这就足以引起一只雌性卷尾猴的憎恨。
研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外，它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时，这种合作才可能稳定。义愤感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受一个较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其他成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自于三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by.
posing a contrast
justifying an assumption
making a comparison
explaining a phenomenon
22.The statement"it is all too monkey"(Last line, paragraph 1)implies that.
monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature
monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are .
more inclined to weigh what they get
attentive to researchers' instructions
nice in both appearance and temperament
more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys.
prefer grapes to cucumbers
can be taught to exchange things
will not be cooperative if feeling cheated
are unhappy when separated from others
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
第一段中心句：But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.但是由乔治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的萨拉·布罗斯南和弗朗士·德·瓦尔进行的一项研究表明，猴子也是这样。
第二段中心句：The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys. 科研人员研究了雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为。
第三段中心句：Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. 这些特征使它们成为萨拉·布罗斯南和弗朗士·德·瓦尔博士最理想的实验对象。
第四段中心句：Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. 事实上，只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄（不管有没有猴子吃它），都足以引起雌性卷尾猴的怨恨。
第五段中心句：The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.研究人员指出，正如人类一样，卷尾猴也受社会情感影响。
Text 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth' s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of "paralysis by analysis"。
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
你还记得科学家们争论说吸烟会致人死亡，而那些怀疑者们却坚信我们对此无法得出定论的那些年月吗？难道缺乏了决定性的证据科学也不确定了吗？难道反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式，而政府应该置身事外吗？许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语，三十多年中，差不多一千万烟民早早地进了坟墓。
现在，当科学家们前仆后继，试图唤醒我们意识到全球气候变暖的威胁日益严重的时候，又出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。最近一批由白宫召集，来自国家科学院的专家团告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这主要是人为造成的。他们明确传递的信息是我们应该着手保护自己。Bruce Alberts是国家科学院的院长，他在专家团报告的前言中提到了这一重要的观点："科学解答不了所有的问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和其他各国在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供给我们的对于人类现在的行为对未来影响的最好的判断作为依据。"
就像吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球气候变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断地排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏：到了有百分之百证据的时候，可能就太晚了。这种风险很明显，并且不断增加，一个审慎之人现在就应该准备一份保单了。
幸运的是，白宫开始注意这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划，相反只是继续要求进行更多的研究--这是一个典型的"分析导致麻痹"的案例。
为了成为地球上有责任心的一员，我们必须努力推进对于大气和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不够的。如果政府不主动采取立法措施，国会就将帮助它开始采取保护措施了。西弗吉尼亚的民主党议员Robert Byrd提出一项议案，从经济上激励私企，这是一个良好的开端。许多人看到这个国家正准备修建许多新的能源工厂，以满足我们的能源需求。如果我们准备保护大气，关键就是这些新工厂要对环境无害。
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that.
there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death
the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant
people had the freedom to choose their own way of life
antismoking people were usually talking nonsense
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as.
a protector
a judge
a critic
a guide
28. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (Last line, paragraph 4)?
Endless studies kill action.
Careful investigation reveals truth.
Prudent planning hinders.
Extensive research helps decision making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?
Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
Raise public awareness of conservation.
Press for further scientific research.
Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because.
they both suffered from the government's negligence
a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former
the outcome of the latter aggravates the former
both of them have turned from bad to worse
第一段中心句：Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? 还记得那些年科学家说吸烟会要我们的命，而怀疑者却坚持说我们并不肯定、论据没有说服力、科学没有定论吗？
第二段中心句：There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.这种令人不安的事情今天又发生了，因为科学家一次又一次地试图唤醒我们注意全球变暖的威胁。
第三段中心句：Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.和对待吸烟问题一样，现在来自许多地方的声音坚持认为，有关全球变暖的科学并不完整，知道我们完全弄清楚之前继续向大气中排放废气没有什么大不了的。
第四段中心句：But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously.但是，大多数总统顾问（智囊团）并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。
第五段中心句：But research alone is inadequate.但是，仅仅是研究是不够的（要采取一定措施，付诸于行动）。
Text 3
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise", the random byproducts of the neuralrepair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "offline." And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream" says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it."
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain") is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet."We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,"says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day ,there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of "we wake up in a panic,"Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
在所有构成良好睡眠的因素中，梦看起来是我们最无法控制的一个。睡梦之窗开启的世界里，逻辑失去效用，死者开始言语。一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了他具有革命性的理论，即梦是我们潜在欲望和恐惧的间接反映。到了20世纪70年代末期，神经学家们转而认为梦仅仅是人们头脑中的噪音--睡眠中进行的神经修复过程中偶然产生的副产品。现在研究人员怀疑梦是大脑中的情绪调节器，当大脑"脱机"时，这个调节器就调节情绪。一名学术权威说，异常强烈的精神活动不仅能被驾驭，事实上还可以有意识地加以控制，以帮助我们睡得更好，并且感觉更好。芝加哥医疗中心精神科主任Rosalind Cartwright说："这是你的梦，如果你不喜欢，换一个。"
来自于大脑成像的证据支持这一观点。匹兹堡大学的Eric Nofzinger博士说，当出现清晰的梦境时，睡眠时会伴有眼睛的运动，这时大脑与完全醒着时一样活跃。但是大脑各个区域参与程度不同，大脑的边缘系统（控制情绪的大脑）异常活跃，而前额皮层（控制思维的推理的中枢）则相对平静。斯坦福睡眠研究人员William Dement博士说："我们从梦中醒来，或者高兴或者沮丧，而这些情绪会伴随我们一整天。"
梦和情绪之间的联系在Cartwright诊所的病人身上有所显现。似乎多数人在夜晚初期会做不好的梦，随着睡眠加深直至醒来，会逐渐做更快乐的梦。这意味着他们在力图消除白天产生的不良情绪。因为清醒时我们的头脑被日常生活占据了，所以不会总想着白天发生的事情对我们情绪的影响。直到我们开始做梦时才会去想这些影响。
但这一过程不一定是无意识发生的。Cartwright认为人可以通过锻炼有意识地控制重复出现的噩梦。一旦醒来，立刻辨明是什么让你对做的梦感到难过。你可以想象你希望这个梦如何结束，当下一次做梦时，试图及时醒来改变梦境。经过多次练习，人们完全能够学会在睡眠中控制梦境。
Cartwright说，在一天快结束的时候，如果做的梦没有让我们失眠或从惊恐中醒来，就没有理由去注意这些梦。恐怖主义、经济不稳定性和常有不安全感会增加人们的焦虑。那些长期饱受噩梦折磨的人应该寻求临床医学家的帮助。至于其他人，大脑自身有清除不良情绪的途径。不必管它，安心地睡觉，甚至做梦，早上醒来时，你就会感觉好多了。
31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams.
can be modified in their courses
are susceptible to emotional changes
reflect our innermost desires and fears
are a random outcome of neural repairs
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show.
its function in our dreams
the mechanism of REM sleep
the relation of dreams to emotions
its difference from the prefrontal cortex
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to.
aggravate in our unconscious mind
develop into happy dreams
persist till the time we fall asleep
show up in dreams early at night
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that.
waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
dreams should be left to their natural progression
dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
lead your life as usual.
Seek professional help.
Exercise conscious control.
Avoid anxiety in the daytime.
第一段中心句：Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "offline." 现在，科研人员怀疑梦是大脑情感自动调节系统的组成部分，当大脑"掉线"时对情绪进行调整。
第二段中心句：Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. 来自于大脑成像的证据支持这一观点。
第三段中心句：The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. 梦和情绪之间的联系在卡特赖特的诊所的病人身上表现出来。
第四段中心句：And this process need not be left to the unconscious.这一过程（梦）并不一定是无意识的。
第五段中心句：At the end of the day,there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of "we wake up in a panic,"Cartwright says .卡特赖特说，说到底，只要梦不使我们无法睡眠或"从梦中惊醒"，就没有理由太在意所做的梦。
Text 4
Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter's academic specialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal,"doing our own thing", has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, Why We Should Like, Care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem oldfashioned to most Englishspeakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
不管是演讲还是文章，美国人都不再期待公众人物在使用等方面表现出娴熟的技巧和天赋了。他们也没有自己掌握这种技能的意愿。John McWhorter是一名语言学家，同时又是一名持自由和保守观点的好争论者，在他最近出版的新书《做自己的事--语言和音乐的退化，为什么我们应该关注》中，他认为20世纪60年代反文化潮流的胜利要为正式英语的衰亡负责。
将责任推到放任的20世纪60年代不足为奇，然而这不是对于教育衰退的另一场批判。McWhorter先生研究的学术领域是语言和演化，他将诸如whom这类词汇的逐步消亡看作是正常的事，与古英语尾格消失一样不值得惋惜。
但是，"做自己的事情"，那种对真实和个性的崇尚意味着正式演讲、写作、诗歌及音乐的消亡。在20世纪60年代以前，只受过一点儿教育的人在落笔写东西的时候也会唱高调，但自那以后，已有被看好的作品都是力求使用英语口语。同样，在诗歌中，那种表述行为的极为个人化的风格是能够称得上真正具有震撼力的唯一形式。在英语口语及写作中，谈话要胜于演讲，自然而然发生要强于语言技巧。
McWhorter先生列举了一系列上层文化和下层文化中有趣的例子，从中我们可以看出，他所记录的这种趋势是确凿无误的。但是他副标题中的问题就不那么清楚了，即我们为什么要关注这件事？作为语言学家，他声称所有类型的人类语言其中包括黑人英语这样的非标准语言都有强大的表现力，在世界上不存在任何不能够表达复杂思想的语言或方言。与许多人不同的是，他并没有声称因为我们表达方式不正确，我们就不能够正确思考。
俄罗斯人深深热爱自己的语言，在脑子里记下了大段大段的诗歌。意大利政治家往往进行详尽的演讲，这对大多数英语国家的人来说似乎不合时宜。McWhorter先生并不认为正式英语不可或缺，也许我们现在用纸盘子，而非瓷盘子盛着我们的英语大餐。可能这是一种遗憾，但却是不可避免的事。
36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English.
is inevitable in radical education reforms
is but all too natural in language development
has caused the controversy over the counterculture
brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s
37. The word "talking" (Line 6, paragraph 3) denotes.
modesty
personality
liveliness
informality
38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?
Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
Non standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author's.
interest in their language
appreciation of their efforts
admiration for their memory
contempt for their oldfashionedness
40. According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as.
"temporary" is to "permanent"
"radical" is to "conservative"
"functional" is to "artistic"
"humble" is to "noble"
第一段中心句：Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. 不管是在演讲还是在写文章中，美国人都不再期待社会名人娴熟而且有文采的运用英语了。
第二段中心句：Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education.将责任推到放任的20世纪60年代不足为奇，然而这不是对教育衰败的另一场批判。
第三段中心句：But the cult of the authentic and the personal,"doing our own thing", has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. 但是，"做自己的事情"，那种对真实和个人风格的崇尚导致了正式的演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐的死亡。
第四段中心句：Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. 麦荷特先生用一系列来自高雅文化和大众文化的有趣例子来加以阐述的这种趋势是毋庸置疑的。
第五段中心句：We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. 我们现在用"纸盘子"而非"磁盘子"装着我们的英语大餐。这是件遗憾的事，但很可能已无法避免。
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have removed. For Questions 41~45, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into of the numbered blank there are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.
Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce healthcare costs.
They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastestgrowing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.
41.
What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts-recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.
42.
But "national" doesn't have to mean that. "National" could mean interprovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body.
Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one provinceor a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.
Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.
43.
A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably and regrettably Quebec refused to join.
A few premiers are suspicious of any federal provincial deal making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.
44.
Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the everincreasing cost of drugs."
45.
So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.
在七月底的年度会议上对渥太华大发牢骚之后，加拿大的省府官员们如果还有力气的话，他们可能会抽出时间一起做些事情，力图降低医疗费用。
他们所有人都在抱怨高涨的医疗预算，其中增长最快的部分是药品费用。
加拿大医疗信息协会的资料表明，自1997年以来，处方药费用的增长速度是整体医疗费用增长速度的两倍。部分增长是由于药物使用代替了其他的治疗手段。部分是由于使用了高于原来药品价格的新药，部分是由于药品价格更昂贵了。
该怎么办呢？且不用说其他专家的报告。罗马诺医疗委员会和科尔比医疗委员会都建议设立一个国家药物机构。由现在每个省指定自己的药物清单，有自己的机构、程序和有限的议价能力这种情况改为资源共享，一同与渥太华合作创建一个国家机构。
这里所说的"国家"是什么意思呢？罗伊·罗马诺和迈克尔·科尔比议员建议成立一个联邦政府和省政府一体的机构，就像最近成立的国家医疗委员会一样。
但是"国家"的含义不一定是指这一点。"国家"可意味着各省联合起来创建一个机构。不管何种含义，如果可能的话，成立一个国家机构的好处之一就是能够通过谈判从医药生产商那里获得更优惠的价格。原来是一个省或省内的几家医院针对该省清单上的某种药物议价，而现在这个国家机关头可以代表各省来议价。
比方说，魁北克伸只能代表700万公民议价，取而代之的是这个国家机构代表3100万加拿大人进行谈判。基本经济学表明，潜在的客户越多，获得的优惠价格的可能性就越大。
当然，医药公司就会大喊大叫了。他们喜欢散客买家，那样他们可以更好地为自己的利益而进行游说。他们可能会以要把一个省的工作机会转移到另一个省来进行威胁。他们可能会认为如果一个省的药单上包括了一种药，就会迫使其他省也把这种药加入药单，他们不会喜欢全国性的代理机构。但是，处于利益的驱使，他们又不得不与它打交道。
由渥太华和各省出资成立了加拿大医疗技术评估协调办公室，这意味着向成立国家机构迈进了一小步。在这个办公司下有一个普通药物评估机构，它向各省推荐应该在清单上增加的新药。不出所料，魁北克省拒绝加入这个机构，这很令人遗憾。
一些省的官员们对于联邦政府的交易感到怀疑。他们（尤其是魁北克省和阿尔伯特省）只想让渥太华额外支付上千万加元，但自己却不承担任何责任（如果他们有责任的话）。这就是为什么提出一个国家药物清单的想法得不到落实，而药品价格却不断的上涨。
所以如果某些省想运作医疗福利事业，他们就必须证明自己有这个能力，他们必须开一张省际单子来终止重复，他们还必须节约管理费用，防止一个省和另一个省之间的斗争，而且还要尽量争取更好的药价。
官员们喜欢有选择地引用罗马诺先生的报告，特别是有关联邦资金的部分，也许他们应该读读他们不得不说的有关药物的部分："为了抑制不断上涨的药价，一个国家药物机构会让政府对医药公司施加更大的影响。"
Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!
Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report:"the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies"
What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.
The problem is simple and stark: health care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.
According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.
So, if the provinces want to run the health care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.
Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its, list the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency, but selfinterest would lead them to deal with it.
本篇是有关加拿大政府控制药品成本（pharmaceutical costs）的探索。
第一、 二段：加拿大各省的政府官员应该在渥太华会议上为降低医疗费用尤其是药品费用做点事。
第三段：提出建立国家药物机构是一种方法。
第四、五、六段：阐述了国家药物机构的定义和好处。
第七、八段：现在向建立国家药物机构迈出的一小步，以及实施过程中的困难。
第九、十段：官员们总是希望得到更多的联邦基金，而实际上他们应该做些有利于病人和预算的事情。
--不选
魁北克反对成立全国性药物代理机构。而魁北克的医药保险基金成本巨增。
--45题
他们可以看看Kirby的报告，报告是关于建立全国性药物代理机构的好处。
--42题
"全国性药物代理机构"是什么概念。
--不选
问题是：保健方面的开支继续增长，增长速度超过了政府税收。
--41题
根据加拿大保健信息研究所信息：处方药的成本自1977年以来增长速度是总保健费用的两倍，以及增长的原因。
--44题
如果一些省想控制保健方面的局势，就必须证明具备一些能力。
--43题
制药公司对全国性药物代理机构的抗议及其原因。
选项［A］项符合逻辑的地方就是在第八段后，但是［A］项第二、三句话内容与下文没有任何联系。
选项［B］引用了Kirby先生的报告中关于全国性机构会带来最低购买价格的内容。与第九段后半部分的引用相当，同时该选项以Or they could read开头，与第九段相呼应。
选项［C］对national作出解释，从以上文章分析中我们知道，第三段针对如何降低药品成本提出建立national drug agency，同时第四段开头"But national doesn't have to mean that"，那么选项［C］应该放在中间最合适。
选项［D］谈到保健方面的开支继续增长，增长速度超过了政府税收。我们看到只有在文章的第一段提到保健成本费用，紧接着第二段就引出了主要是药品费用的问题。所以选项［D］没有位置可以插入。
选项［E］叙述了根据加拿大保健信息研究所信息：处方药的成本自1977年以来增长速度是总保健费用的两倍，以及增长的原因。其中处方药的成本增长正是第二段提到的问题核心即pharmacertical costs。
选项［F］叙述了如果某些省想控制保健方面的局势，就必须证明具备一些能力。而第七、八段主要是说：现在向建立国家药物机构迈出的一小步，以及实施过程中来自某些省的抗议和阻力。因此后面要衔接的内容应该是对这些省提出具体要求和目标。
选项［G］ 叙述制药公司对全国性药物代理机构的抗议及其原因。
第四、五、六段：阐述了国家药物机构的定义和好处。放在第六段后正好与前面形成另一方面的回应，很恰当。
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)
It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multimedia groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.
Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotlycontested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.(49) Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice-that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.
In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on coproductions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say "United we stand, divided we fall"-and if I had to choose a slogan it would be "Unity in our diversity." A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.
谈论大众媒体在欧洲历史上这个具有非凡意义的阶段所发挥的作用并非易事。历史和新闻的界线变混淆了，人们对于大众媒体的印象往往是一种怀疑和乐观情绪的结合。电视是产生和表达这些感受的众多手段之一--此前它从未在欧洲近来事务中如今日一般发挥如此大的作用来连接不同国家和不同民族。现在正在形成的欧洲除了其民族文化及国家的认同感外，别无他物。只有考虑到这些，我们才可以着手分析欧洲的电视状况。像在其他地方一样，欧洲的多媒体集团日益成功：这些集团把电视台、之声、报纸、杂志及出版社合并到了一起，彼此协作。意大利的一个例子是Berlusconi集团，而我们所知的外国有Maxwell和Murdoch.
显然，在这样一个利润丰厚竞争激烈的市场，只有最大最灵活的公司才有竞争力。仅这一点就表明在电视行业里生存不那么容易，这个事实通过统计数字更是一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的多达半数。
此外，欧共体的形成将迫使电视公司在制作和发行方面进行更为密切的合作。
不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一个尊重这些不同文化和传统的"欧洲品牌"绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择--在欧洲制定一个繁荣欧洲计划。这就意味着要减少对北美市场的依赖，该市场的节目里包含了不同于我们的经历和文化传统。
为了实现这些目标，我们必须对合作制作节目、交换新闻、文献服务及培训更为关注。这也意味着欧洲国家之间需要达成一项协议，创建一个电视节目制作的欧洲银行，该银行可参照欧洲投资银行的模式，处理与制作成本相关的财务问题。在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说："联合，我们就会生存；分裂，我们就会灭亡。"如果我不得不选择一个口号的话，这个口号应该是"团结协作，求同存异"，既具有一致的目标，又尊重每个国家的不同特点。
46. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
[结构分析]
Television is one of the means // by which these feelings are created and conveyed-/and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
这是一个并列复合句。Television is one of the means 是主句;by which these feelings are created and conveyed是定语从句，修饰名词means;并列句and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.与前面句子并列。在该并列句中使用了部分倒装。否定词置于句首，句子要使用部分倒装形式。同时，在该并列句中体现了"so...as..."结构。
[词义推敲]
convey 转达,传达
serve可作......用,起作用
[翻译润色]
Television is one of the means 电视是众多手段之一
by which these feelings are created and conveyed 通过这些手段产生并表达这些感情
and perhaps never before has it served so much as in the recent events in Europe. 并且以前电视或许没有像最近欧洲发生的事件一样起过如此重大作用
to connect different peoples and nations在联系不同民族和国家方面
[参考译文]
电视是产生和表达这些感受的手段之一--在加强不同的民族和国家的联系方面，电视或许以前从来没有像在近来欧洲发生的事件这样起过如此重大的作用。
47. In Europe, as elsewhere, multimedia groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
[结构分析]
In Europe, as elsewhere, multi media groups have been increasingly successful groups / which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses // that work in relation to one another.
这是一个复合句。In Europe, as elsewhere,是地点状语;multimedia groups have been increasingly successful groups 是主句;定语从句which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses 用来修饰名词groups;定语从句that work in relation to one another用来修饰前文的并列的名词television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses。
[词义推敲]
bring together 合并
work in relation to one another 彼此协作
[翻译润色]
In Europe, as elsewhere, 在欧洲，像在任何其他地方一样
multi media groups have been increasingly successful groups 多媒体集团已经日渐成功
which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses 它把电视，广播，报纸，杂志和出版社合并到一起
that work in relation to one another 彼此协作
[参考译文]
像在其他地方一样，在欧洲的多媒体集团日渐成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组织在一起，彼此互相协作。
48. This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
[结构分析]
This alone demonstrates / that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics // that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
这是一个复合句。This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in是主句;名词短语a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989用来补充说明前文;在该名词短语中underlined by statistics是过去分词短语，用来修饰a fact;定语从句that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989用来修饰前文的名词statistics。
[词义推敲]
demonstrate表明
survive 生存
underline 划下划线,强调
take a loss 损失,亏损
[翻译润色]
This alone demonstrates 这一点仅仅表明
that the television business is not an easy world to survive in想在电视行业中生存绝非易事
a fact underlined by statistics 统计数字强调了这一事实
that show that out of eighty European television networks它表明在八十家欧洲电视网络中
no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. 在1989年，一半以上亏损
[参考译文]
这一点仅仅表明想在电视行业中生存绝非易事。统计数字强调了这一事实：在八十家欧洲电视网络中，在1989年，一半以上亏损。
49. Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent // is no easy task / and demands a strategic choice
[结构分析]
Creating a "European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice
这是一个并列句。Creating a "European identity" is no easy task and demands a strategic choice 是主句;定语从句that respects the different cultures and traditions用来修饰名词"European identity";定语从句which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent用来修饰名词"different cultures and traditions"。
[词义推敲]
European identity 欧洲品牌
strategic choice 战略性的选择
[翻译润色]
Creating a "European identity" is no easy task打造一个"欧洲品牌"不是件容易的事
that respects the different cultures and traditions 尊重不同文化和传统
which go to make up the connecting fabric of the old continent它将欧洲大陆组成完整的统一体
and demands a strategic choice并且需要做出战略性的选择
[参考译文]
不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要打造一个尊重这些不同文化和传统的"欧洲品牌"绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。
50. In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say "United we stand, divided we fall"
[结构分析]
In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say "United we stand, divided we fall"
这是一个简单句。介词短语In dealing with a challenge on such a scale作伴随状语。it is no exaggeration to say "United we stand, divided we fall"是主句。
[词义推敲]
deal with 处理
it is no exaggeration to say毫不夸张地说
[翻译润色]
In dealing with a challenge on such a scale在处理如此规模的挑战时
it is no exaggeration to say毫不夸张地说
"United we stand, divided we fall"团结，我们就会生存；分裂，我们注定灭亡。
[参考译文]
在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说："团结，我们就会生存；分裂，我们注定灭亡。"
Section IIIWriting
Part A
Directions：
Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words, write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.(10 points)
SAMPLE
Dear Mr. Wang,
I am writing to inform you of my decision to resign from my current position due to some factors involved which I can't stand.
First of all, the salary has proven to be much lower than you promised at the time I took up the job, and I have a large family to support. What's more, a period of experience here shows to me that my personality doesn't agree with the relational demands between colleagues. Most importantly, I feel rather disappointed and left out on the job itself because in the past two months I was never given any really important responsibility.
I am greatly appreciated if you take my resignation into consideration.I honestly hope that you can approve of my requirement for resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
Direction:
Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)
根据漫画不难发现大儿子、二儿子、三儿子和小女儿守在各自球门前，老父亲像足球般等待着子女们把自己踢出自家大门。显然，漫画反映的是"不赡养老人"的问题，即该文章的主题。
根据提纲中的信息1) first describe the drawing then interpret its meaning 本文开头需要两个段落，即描述漫画段，引出暗含主题段。
根据提纲中的信息2) give your comment on it本篇文章下文要体现出作者对该现象的评论，即这种现象最后得出的结论。
SAMPLE
The picture above symbolically demonstrates how three sons and a daughter treat their old and helpless father. They each stand in a different comer of a football field. The eldest son kicks out the father while the other children are prepared to ward him off. It is sad to see none of them is willing to receive and support their father.
What it illustrates is a common phenomenon in today's society: many grown up children refuse to support their aging parents. It is generally accepted that not willing to supporting the graying parents has gone far against the Chinese traditional virtue and value. While young people enjoy a comfortable life, their parents are neglected and left in utter poverty, as these elderly people have grown so physically weak that they no longer have the power to support themselves.
I think these children have gone against their own conscience and therefore may be put under strong attacks of words and contempt by us. According to Chinese culture, to respect the old and love the young are the traditional virtue and to be kind to one's parents is the height of it. We owe so much to our parents in that they not only gave us life but have done much in bringing us up. It is against nature for us to escape from our responsibility of taking care of our parents when they are old.
On the contrary, we have the duty to pay back their love by making their later years enjoyable and happy. With love and respect for the old, our society will be full of sunshine; without love and respect for the old, our society will be dark through.
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