考研网 发表于 2016-8-15 21:55:49

2009考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(26)

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TEXT 4
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.
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Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death."It's like surgery," he says, "We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death.If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide."
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end of life care.
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well meaning medical initiatives translate into better care."Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse."He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear ... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."
56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .
[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain
[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives
[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician assisted suicide
[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide
57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text?
[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.
[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
[C] The Court ruled that high dosage pain relieving medication can be prescribed.
[D] A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end of life care is .
[A] prolonged medical procedures
[B] inadequate treatment of pain
[C] systematic drug abuse
[D] insufficient hospital care
59. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (line 3, paragraph 7)?
[A] Bold.
[B] Harmful.
[C] Careless.
[D] Desperate.
60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .
[A] manage their patients incompetently
[B] give patients more medicine than needed
[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients
[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patients

kysix 发表于 2016-8-15 23:02:36

abuse3 v./n.①滥用;②虐待;③谩骂
academy3 n.学院
acknowledge4 v.①承认,认为;②致谢;③确认
action11 n.①行动,行为;②动作,活动;③(on)作用
aggressive5 a.①侵略的,好斗的;②大胆的,积极的
agony1 n.苦恼,痛苦
approach13 v.靠近,接近,邻近;n.①方法,途径;②探讨
assess4 v.估价,评价
assist6 v.帮助,援助,协助
board5 n.①板,纸板;②全体委员,委员会,部门;③伙食;船舷;v.上船(车,飞机)
bold1 a.①大胆的,勇敢的;②冒失的;③黑体的,粗体的
chair4 n.①椅子;②主席(职位);vt.主持,担任
code4 n.①代码,代号,密码;②法典,法规,规划
commit8 v.①把...交托给,提交;②犯(错误),干(坏事)
community17 n.①同一地区的全体居民,社会,社区;②共同体,团体
constitute4 v.组成,构成
contend3 v.①竞争,斗争;②坚决主张,声称,认为
court10 n.①法院,法庭;②宫廷,朝廷;③院子;④球场
debate8 v./n.争论,辩论
define7 v.①给...下定义;②限定,规定;③解释,阐述
department5 n.①部,局,处,科,部门;②系,学部
despair2 n.绝望;v.(of)对...绝望
desperate2 a.①绝望的;②不顾一切的,拼死的
doctor12 n.①博士;②医生;v.伪造,篡改
dose2 n.剂量,一服,一剂;v.(给...)服药
eventually4 ad.终于,最后
extent5 n.①广度,宽度,长度;②程度,限度
foresee3 v.预见,预知
guilty3 a.(of)有罪的,内疚的
identify10 v.①识别,鉴别;②(with)把...和...看成一样,打成一片
illegal4 a.不合法的,非法的
implication6 n.含意,暗示
initiative3 a.创始的,起始的;n.第一步,创始,主动精神
intend15 v.想要,打算,企图
intention1 n.意图,意向,目的
justify8 v.证明...是正当的,认为有理
knowledge15 n.①知识,学识;②知道,了解
legitimate1 a.合法的,合理的,正统的;v.合法
maintain9 v.①维修,保养;②维持,保持;③坚持,主张,支持
management11 n.①经营,管理;②管理部门
moral20 a.道德(上)的,道义的;n.①寓意,教育意义;②道德
oppose7 v.反对,反抗
painful5 a.疼痛的,使痛苦的
physical7 a.①物质的,有形的;②肉体的,身体的;③自然科学的,物理的
physician10 n.内科医生
prescribe1 v.①指示,规定;②处(方),开(药)
principle7 n.①原理,原则;②主义,信念;③(行动的)规则,准则
procedure4 n.程序,手续,步骤
profession5 n.职业,自由职业
prolong3 v.拉长,延长
recovery4 n.①痊愈,复元;②(经济)复苏
release3 v.①释放,解放;②发表,发行
relieve3 v.①(of)减轻,解除,减少;②换班,换岗
result37 n.结果,成果,成绩;v.①(in)导致,结果是;②(from)起因于,因...而造成
risk14 v.冒...的危险;n.风险,危险
role22 n.①角色;②作用,任务
science58 n.①科学;②学科
shield2 n.①防护物,护罩;②盾,盾状物;v.保护,防护
statement7 n.声明,陈述
sufficient4 a.(for)足够的,充分的
suicide7 n.①自杀;②自取灭亡
supreme2 a.①极度的,最重要的;②至高的,最高的
surgery3 n.①外科,外科学;②手术室,诊疗室
systematic3 a.系统的,有组织的
therapy2 n.治疗,理疗
twin1 a.双的,成对的,孪生的;n.孪生子,双生子
volume1 n.①容积,体积;②卷,册;③音量,响度
according47 ad.依照,根据
constitutional1 a.构成的,增强体质的,宪法的,拥护宪法的
dosage1 n.剂量,配药,用量
dying4 a.垂死的
harmful5 a.有害的,伤害的
hasten2 v.催促,赶紧,促进,加速
homicide1 n.杀人,杀人者
hospice1 n.旅客住宿处,收容所
inadequate2 a.不充分的,不适当的
incompetently1 ad.无能力地
ineffectual1 a.无效的,不成功的
insufficient2 a.不足的,不够的;n.不足
mediation1 n.仲裁,调停,调解
medication2 n.药物治疗,药物处理,药物
morphine1 n.吗啡
permissible1 a.可允许的,许可的
predictably2 a.可断言的,可预言的
presumptively1 ad.据推测
suffering7 n.痛苦;困难
suspension2 n.暂停,暂时剥夺
terminally4 ad.在末尾,一定时期地
treatment7 n.待遇,对待,处理,治疗
unconcern1 n.漫不经心,冷淡,不关心
undertreatment1 n.处理不足

kysix 发表于 2016-8-15 23:56:09

难句1
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干部分是:The Supreme Court's decisions ... carry ... important implications...;
2. 后面how引导的从句作介词for的宾语;
[本句难点]主要是部分生词影响;
[方法对策]carry important implication:有很重要的意义;
[例句精译]最高法庭关于医生帮助病人结束生命问题的裁决,对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个问题来说,具有重要的意义。
难句2
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
[结构分析]
1. 本句句子主干结构是:... the Court ... supported the medical principle of "double effect"... ;
2. 句首为although引导的让步状语从句,其中包含一个that引导的宾语从句,作ruled的宾语;
3. "double effect"后面是double effect的同位语,其中包含一个holding引导的宾语从句;
4.此宾语从句中,主干部分是:an action ... is permissible... ,其中having引导定语从句,修饰an action;两个破折号之间是对two effects的解释说明;此宾语从句中还包含一个if引导的条件状语从句;
[本句难点]主要是句子结构和从句关系比较复杂;
[方法对策]首先找出主句和分句的关系,然后再分析各自的主干结构;两个破折号之间的插入语第一遍可以不读;
[例句精译]尽管裁决认为,宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的"双效"原则,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果,这个行为就是可以允许的。
难句3
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death."
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:Nancy Dubler ... contends + that引导的宾语从句;
2. 两个逗号之间是插入语,是对Nancy Dubler职务的说明;
3. 宾语从句中,主干结构是:the principle will shield doctors... ,后面是一个who引导的定语从句,修饰doctors;
4、who引导的定语从句中,who是主语,谓语是insisted,后面是that引导的宾语从句,做insisted的宾语;此宾语从句中又包含一个if引导的条件状语从句;
[本句难点]主要是句子结构和从句关系比较复杂;
[方法对策]找出主句和从句的关系,然后分析主句和从句的主干结构,再分析其他修饰成分;
[例句精译]蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·道布勒认为,这项原则会消除部分医生的疑虑,这些医生直到现在还在主张,如果加大剂量可能加速病人死亡,那就不能这么做。
难句4
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:... many ... acknowledge + that引导的宾语从句;
2. 此宾语从句中主干结构是:the assisted suicide debate has been fueled ... ;
3. 此宾语从句中还包含一个for whom引导的定语从句,修饰patients;
[本句难点]主要是句子结构比较复杂;
[方法对策]首先分析主句主干,然后再分析从句和其他修饰成分;
[例句精译]另一方面,许多医疗界人士承认,致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。
难句5
It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end of life care.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:It identifies A as B ,it指代前文提到的NAS:国家科学院;
2. 宾语包含两个并列成分,the undertreatment of pain 和 the aggressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures,第二个宾语还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰;
[本句难点]主要是句子结构复杂,且包含一个复杂宾语;
[方法对策]首先找出句子的主干结构,然后再分析并列的复杂宾语,就可以比较好的理解本句;
[例句精译]报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用"无效而强制性的医疗程序,这些程序可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让死亡期难堪"。
56. [答案] B
[解析]本文谈到了当临终病人不堪其苦时,医生可不可以助其结束生命(安乐死)?从第二段首句我们可知宪法仍然没有赋予医生助人自杀的权利(虽然最高法院的这一次裁决默认了这一点)。由此可知选B。所以C也不对。至于A,医生增加药量来减轻病人痛苦,大错,因为止痛药用吗啡才行,并不是所有药加量都可以止痛,原文是增加"吗啡"而不是增加"药量"。D原文没提。
57.[答案] C
[解析]文章说了,法庭已经实际承认了"双效原则":希望达到的好效果和结果、可能达到的坏效果。(你有给病人治好病的愿望,但实际上不一定能治好)那么,只要你的愿望是想治好,这个行动就是可以允许的。如此说来,开大量止痛药是可以的(尽管要冒坏的风险)。
58.[答案] B
[解析]问:临终护理的问题之一是什么?这道题较容易,依据第七段可知,B"对病痛处理不力"是正确答案。
59.[答案] A
[解析]这是一道词汇题,主要涉及如何利用上下文选择词义的问题。文中"aggressive"大纲中有两个释义:(1)好斗的;(2)敢作敢为的。很显然,"aggressive"在本文中的理解只能取第二种释义,因此,A"大胆的"应为正确答案。B"有害的",C"粗心的",D"不顾一切的,绝望的",均应排除。
60.[答案] D
[解析]这是一道推论题。问:医生们做了什么事,乔治·安纳斯可能会赞同对他们进行处罚?文章第五段、第九段都是介绍安纳斯的观点的。根据第五段可知,安纳斯主张医生有必要时就该大剂量使用止痛药为病人止痛,哪怕因此而加快病人的死亡也不犯法。第九段中,安纳斯指出,面对病人所受的本无必要的痛苦,不少医生竟无动于衷,乃至于到了"蓄意虐待病人"的程度;他还指出,病人痛苦的死亡应被认定是医生处理不力造成的,应吊销其行医执照。换句话说,安纳斯认为,针对病人临终前身体上的疼痛,医生应尽力使用止痛药,如果不使用止痛药,从而"延长了病人的本无必要的痛苦"的话,就该遭受处罚。D符合此意,为正确答案,A"对病人管理不力"还不至于使安纳斯觉得要吊销医生的执照,安纳斯强调的前提是:让病人极其痛苦地死亡。所以,A是干扰项,应排除。

kyone 发表于 2016-8-16 01:10:50

最高法庭关于医生帮助病人结束生命问题的裁决,对于如何用药物减轻病危者的痛苦这个问题来说,具有重要的意义。
尽管裁决认为,宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利,然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的"双效"原则,这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为,如果某种行为具有双重效果(希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果),那么,只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果,这个行为就是可以允许的。
近年来,医生们一直奉行这项原则,替病危患者注射大剂量的吗啡镇痛,尽管他们知道,不断增加的剂量最终会导致病人死亡。
蒙特非奥里医疗中心主任南希·道布勒认为,这项原则会消除部分医生的疑虑,这些医生直到现在还在主张,如果加大剂量可能加速病人死亡,那就不能这么做。
波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为,只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药,那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡,医生的行为也没有违法。"这就像做手术,"他说,"尽管手术可能导致病人死亡,但医生并不想把病人治死,所以我们不能把这种死亡成为谋杀。假如你是医生,只要你的目的不是让病人死亡,你就可以冒险给病人治病。"
另一方面,许多医疗界人士承认,致使医助自杀这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人们的绝望情绪,对这些病人来说,现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。
就在最高法庭对医助自杀进行裁决的前三周,国家科学院公布了一份长达两卷的报告--《临近死亡:加强临终护理》。报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题:对病痛处理不力和大胆使用"无效而强制性的医疗程序,这些程序可能会延长死亡期,甚至会让死亡期难堪"。
医疗行业采取步骤,让年轻医生去晚期病人休养所培训,对各种大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识进行评估,为医院护理制定一份符合美国医疗保障方案的付款条例,以及为评估和治疗临终痛苦制定新的标准。
安纳斯说,必须把善意的动机变成更好的护理,在这一点上,律师发挥着关键作用。"不少医生对病人所遭受的毫无必要的,可预见的痛苦无动于衷",乃至于已构成"蓄意虐待病人罪"。他说,行医执照颁发机构"必须明确表示--让病人痛苦地死去可能是失职行为所致,应该因此吊销其从医资格"。
56. 从前三段,我们了解到:。
[A] 医生过去常以增加药量的方法来减轻病人的痛苦
[B] 医生帮助垂死病人结束生命仍然是违法的
[C] 最高法院强烈反对医生协助病人自杀
[D] 宪法没有赋予病人自杀的权力
57. 根据本文,下面哪项说法正确?
[A] 如果医生冒着导致病人死亡的风险,他将被认为是有罪的。
[B] 现代医学已帮助那些晚期病人在无痛苦中康复。
[C] 法院裁定,医生可以开大剂量减轻病痛的药。
[D] 医生的用药是否合法不再取决于他们为病人治病的目的。
58. 根据国家科学院(NAS)的报告,对于临终护理应该关注的问题之一是。
[A] 延长了的医疗程度
[B] 对病痛的处理不力
[C] 蓄意地滥用药物
[D] 医院的护理不周
59. 下面的哪个词最好地解释了"aggressive"一词(第七段)的意思?
[A] 大胆的
[B] 有害的
[C] 粗心的
[D] 令人绝望的
60. 乔治·安纳斯可能同意:如果医生,他们应受到惩罚。
[A] 照管病人不得力
[B] 给病人的用药超量
[C] 减少病人的用药量
[D] 延长病人不必要的痛苦
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