考研网 发表于 2016-8-15 21:55:30

2009考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(14)

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TEXT 4
Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John Mcwhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
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Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. Mcwhorter's academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case endings of Old English.
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing," has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.
Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. Mcwhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old fashioned to most English speakers. Mr. Mcwhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china." A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.
36. According to Mcwhorter, the decline of formal English .
[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms
[B] is but all too natural in language development
[C] has caused the controversy over the counter culture
[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s
37. The word "talking" (Line 5, Paragraph 3) denotes .
[A] modesty
[B] personality
[C] liveliness
[D] informality
38. To which of the following statements would Mcwhorter most likely agree?
[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.
[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.
[C] Nonstandard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.
[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.
39.The description of Russians love of memorizing poetry shows the author's .
[A] interest in their language
[B] appreciation of their efforts
[C] admiration for their memory
[D] contempt for their old fashionedness
40. According to the last paragraph, "paper plates" is to "china" as .
[A] "temporary" is to "permanent"
[B] "radical" is to "conservative"
[C] "functional" is to "artistic"
[D] "humble" is to "noble"

kyone 发表于 2016-8-15 23:25:03

academic7 a.①学校的,学院的;②学术的;n.学者,大学教师
acknowledge4 v.①承认,认为;②致谢;③确认
argue19 v.①争论,辩论;②认为,主张,论证;③说服
array2 n.①一系列,大量;②排列;v.排列
artistic1 a.艺术(家)的,美术(家)的
aspire1 vi.热望,立志
attitude14 n.①(to,towards)态度,看法;②姿势
authentic2 a.可信的
author69 n.①作者;②创始人
capture4 n.捕获,俘虏;v.①吸引(注意);②记录;③俘虏
cause28 n.①原因,理由;②事业,事件,奋斗目标;v.使产生,引起
claim12 v.①要求;②声称,主张;③索赔;n.①要求;②主张,断言;③索赔;④权利,要求权,所有权
command2 n.①命令,指令;②统帅,指挥(权);③掌握,运用能力;v.①命令,要求;②指挥,统帅;③掌握,控制
complex7 a.①复杂的;②合成的,综合的;n.联合体
conservative5 a.保守的,守旧的;n.保守主义者
contempt4 n.轻蔑,藐视
controversy1 n.争论,争辩
convey3 v.①运送,搬运,转运;②传达,传播
counter1 n.①柜台;②计数器;a./ad.相反(的);v.反对,反击
craft3 n.①工艺,手艺,技巧;②飞机,飞船;③行业;v.精工制作
criticism4 n.批评,评论
culture21 n.①修养,教养;②文化,文明
decline14 v./n.①下倾,下降,下垂,衰落;②斜面,倾斜;v.拒绝,谢绝
denote2 v.表示,意味着
description6 n.①描写,形容;②种类
dialect1 n.方言
document1 n.公文,文献;vt.记载,证明
educate6 v.教育,培养,训练
elaborate3 a.详尽的,精心的;v.精心制作,详细阐述
elevate2 v.抬起,升高
ending1 n.结尾,结局
fashion6 n.①流行式样(或货品),风尚,风气;②样子,方式;vt.形成,制作,塑造
figure10 n.①体形;②数字;③图形;④人物;v.(out)算出,估计,推测
formal3 a.①正式的;②形式的
gradual2 a.逐渐的,逐步的
grieve1 v.使悲伤,使伤心
humble2 a.①谦卑的,恭顺的;②低下的,卑微的;v.降低,贬抑
illustrate6 v.①举例说明,阐明;②图解,加插图
inevitable5 a.不可避免的,必然发生的
liberal3 a.①慷慨的,大方的;②丰富的,富足的;③自由的,思想开朗的
logical4 a.①逻辑的,符合逻辑的;②必然的
oral1 a.口头的
permanent1 a.永久的,持久的
personality9 n.①人格,个性;②人物,名人
poetry6 n.诗歌,诗集
politician2 n.政治家,政客
propose4 v.①提议,建议;②提名,推荐;③求婚
radical5 a.①基本的,根本的;②激进的,极端的
reform8 v./n.改革,改造,改良
relate12 v.①叙述,讲述;②使互相关联;③与...有关(系)
responsible11 a.①(for,to)应负责的,有责任的;②可靠的,可信赖的;③责任重大的,重要的
speaker6 n.说话人,演讲人,扬声器
spell2 v.①拼写;②导致,招致;n.一段时间
statement7 n.声明,陈述
temporary3 a.暂时的,临时的
tend26 v.①趋向,往往是;②照料,看护
tone2 n.①音调,音色;②风气,气氛;③腔调,语气;④色调
trend12 n.倾向,趋势;v.伸向,倾向
triumph4 n.胜利,成功;v.得胜,战胜
view28 n.①景象,风景;②观点,见解;③观察,观看;④眼界;v.看待,观察,考虑
writing9 n.①写,写作;②著作,作品
according47 ad.依照,根据
appreciation1 n.感谢,感激,正确评价,欣赏,增值
chunk1 n.大块,相当大的数量
controversialist1 n.争论者,好争论者
cult1 n.①宗派;②崇拜;③时尚
degradation1 n.降级,降格,退化
disappearance1 n.消失
entertaining2 a.①使人愉快的;②有趣的
expressive2 a.有表现力的,富于表情的
fashionedness1 n.样式,风格
functional2 a.功能的
genre1 n.类型,流派
informality1 n.非正式
latest8 a.最近的
linguist5 n.语言学家
liveliness1 n.活泼
memorize3 v.记住,记忆
modestly1 ad.谨慎地,适当地
modesty1 n.谦逊,虚心
performative1 a.富有表现力的
permissive1 a.许可的,自由的,放纵的
powerfully1 ad.强大地,强烈地
regrettable1 a.可惜的
speciality1 n.特性,特质
spontaneity1 n.自发性
subtitle1 n.副标题,小标题

kytwo 发表于 2016-8-16 00:29:59

难句1
In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John Mcwhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, see the triumph of 1960s counter culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:...John Mcwhorter...see...as...;
2. a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views是对John Mcwhorter身份的介绍,是插入语;
[本句难点]本句比较长,且含有插入语影响理解;
[方法对策]首先找出句子的主干,对于插入语,第一次阅读可以忽略不读,注意主句中有see...as...(把......看成......)的结构;
[例句精译]语言学家约翰·麦克沃特喜好争论,他的观点混杂着保守派与自由派的看法,在他的近作《做我们自己的事,语言和音乐的退化:我们干吗在乎?!》一书中,这位学者认为20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
难句2
Mr. Mcwhorter's academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case endings of Old English.
[结构分析]
1. 本句为and连接的两个分句;
2. and前为第一个分句;and后为第二个分句,主干为:he sees the...disappearance of "whom" to be;
[本句难点]主要是第二个分句不好理解,其中还包含一个no more...than...(同......一样不......)的结构;
[方法对策]首先根据连接词and找出两个分句,然后找出后一个分句的主干,在分析其他成分;
[例句精译]麦克沃特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言变化,举例来说,他认为"whom"一词的逐渐消失是很自然的,并不比旧式英语中词格的消失更让人惋惜。
难句3
While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:...the most well regarded writing...has sought to capture spoken English;
2. 逗号前面为while引导的状语从句,其中包含一个when引导的时间状语从句;
[本句难点]主要是从句关系复杂;
[方法对策]本句为状语从句+主句结构,分别找出主句和从句的主干结构,就比较好理解了;the modestly educated:受过一般教育的人;elevated:崇高的,高雅的;
[例句精译]在60年代以前,甚至仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都要寻求一种更高雅的腔调,但在那之后,即使是最受关注的文章也开始把口语用于写作。
难句4
As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干为:...he acknowledges + that引导的宾语从句;
2. 宾语从句的主干结构是:all varieties of human language...can be powerfully expressive;
3. 两个逗号之间的部分为插入语,对all varieties of human language进行补充说明;
4.破折号后面是对宾语从句进行补充说明,其中包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰no language or dialect;
[本句难点]本句句子结构、从句关系均比较复杂;
[方法对策]首先抓住主句主干,然后再分析宾语从句主干,对于插入语和破折号后面的补充说明部分第一遍阅读可以不看,这样就比较容易把握句子整体,然后再分析从句和其他修饰成分;
[例句精译]作为一位语言学家,他承认多种多样的人类语言,包括那些非标准的语言,比如黑人英语,都具有极强的表达力--世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言和方言。
难句5
Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old fashioned to most Englishspeakers.
[结构分析]
1. 本句是while连接的两个分句;
2. 第一个分句主语是Russians,谓语是and连接的并列谓语have和carry,然后分别带自己的宾语部分;
3. 第二个分句包含一个that引导的定语从句,修饰elaborate speech;
[本句难点]句子结构复杂;
[方法对策]根据while把句子分成两部分,然后再分析各自的主干部分,就可以理解本句内容;
[例句精译]俄罗斯人深爱着他们自己的语言,并在他们的脑海中存储了大量诗歌,而意大利的政客们却更倾向于精心准备的演讲,虽然这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。
难句6
Mr.Mcwhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical educational reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.
[结构分析]
1. 本句句子主干是:Mr. Mcwhorter acknowledges that...and proposes no radical educational reforms...;
2. 逗号前包含一个that引导的宾语从句;
3. 破折号后面是对前面内容的补充说明;
[本句难点]主要是从句关系复杂,以及破折号后面more than的理解;
[方法对策]首先分析出主句的主干; A more than B:此处为"肯定A,否定B"的结构,可以理解为"与其说是B,不如说是A";
[例句精译]麦克沃特先生认为正式英语并非不可或缺,他也没有提出激烈的教育改革--他其实只是在哀痛美丽的丧失而非实用的丢失。
36.[答案] B
[解析]这是一篇语言学方面的文章,讲述了英语的演变。作者既认为今不如昔(正如中文的白话文不如文言文那样深刻、浓烈、优雅一样,英文也今不如昔),又认为事物的进化是一种自然现象,是不可避免的,让我们走自己的路好了,何必在乎?!
仅根据第一段作者Mcwhorter书的副标题why we should like,care(我们干吗在乎?!)即可以看出B为正确答案。A、D选项与文章意思不符,而C在文中并未提及。
37.[答案] D
[解析]文章中讲了"talking is triumphing speaking,spontaneity over craft"(说话正在战胜讲话,随意语言正在取代技巧语言),因此可知talking代表informal,(白话文正在取胜)。A、B、C则与文章内容不符。
38.[答案] A
[解析]问Mcwhorter的看法。只要准确理解第四段末句,即可选对A。
39.[答案] B
[解析]此题问作者对俄国人背诵大量古诗词持一种什么态度?文章末段说Mcwhorter为语言优美的丧失而痛苦(grieving),又说这丧失是一种shame,故知作者对俄国人的作法是赞成的。
40.[答案] C
[解析]问末段"纸碟子"与"瓷盘子"的关系是指什么?C是最佳选项:人们用白话文表达思想,能起作用就行了(functional),不像古人那样精致、艺术,使用工整、对仗的语言来表达思想(artistic),那简直是一只"瓷盘子"。

kyfive 发表于 2016-8-16 01:53:30

美国人不再期望公众人物在演讲或写作文章之时可以巧妙地、富有天分地使用英语了,而他们自己本身也不奢望自己能够做到这一点。语言学家约翰·麦克沃特喜好争论,他的观点混杂着保守派与自由派的看法,在他的近作《做我们自己的事,语言和音乐的退化:我们干吗在乎?!》一书中,这位学者认为20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的退化负责。
怪罪放纵的60年代并不新鲜,但这并不是另一份批评教育滑坡的长篇大论。麦克沃特先生的学术专长在于语言史和语言变化,举例来说,他认为"whom"一词的逐渐消失是很自然的,并不比旧式英语中词格的消失更让人惋惜。
然而,"做我们自己的事"--这一对事物真实性和个性的崇拜信条,已经给正式的演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐画上了句号。在60年代以前,甚至仅受过一般教育的人在下笔时都要寻求一种更高雅的腔调,但在那之后,即使是最受关注的文章也开始把口语用于写作。同样,在诗歌领域,惟一能够具有真正活力的就是那种高度个人化和富有表现力的文学形式。无论作为口语还是书面语言的英语,说话胜过了讲话,而自由发挥也胜过了精心准备。
麦克沃特先生从上层和下层文化中列举了一系列有趣的例子,从中我们可以看出他所记录的这种趋势不可避免。但考虑到其副标题所提的问题:我们干吗在乎?!答案还不够明白。作为一位语言学家,他承认多种多样的人类语言,包括那些非标准的语言,比如黑人英语,都具有极强的表达力--世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言和方言。不像其他大多数人,麦克沃特先生并不认为我们说话方式不规范就不能使我们直接思考。
俄罗斯人深爱着他们自己的语言,并在他们的脑海中存储了大量诗歌,而意大利的政客们却更倾向于精心准备的演讲,虽然这在大多数讲英语的人们眼里已经过时。麦克沃特先生认为正式英语并非不可或缺,他也没有提出激烈的教育改革--他其实只是在哀痛美丽的丧失而非实用的丢失。也许我们现在是用"纸盘子而非瓷盘子"盛着我们的英语大餐。这也许令人羞愧,但可能是不可避免的事。
36. 麦克沃特先生认为,正式英语的衰落。
[A] 是在激烈的教育改革中不可避免的事
[B] 是在语言发展中再自然不过的事了
[C] 已经造成了反文化运动中的对立
[D] 引起了20世纪60年代公众态度的变化
37. 单词"talking"(第3段,第6行)的意思是。
[A] 谦虚
[B] 个性化
[C] 具有活力
[D] 非正式
38. McWhorter最可能会赞同下面哪种说法?
[A] 逻辑思维和我们谈话方式没有必然的联系。
[B] 黑人英语比标准英语更有表达力。
[C] 非标准的语言种类如同儿戏。
[D] 在所有类别的语言中,标准语言最能表达复杂的思维。
39. 描述俄罗斯人喜欢记忆诗歌说明作者。
[A] 对他们的语言感兴趣
[B] 赞赏他们的努力
[C] 羡慕他们的记忆
[D] 轻视他们的守旧
40. 根据最后一段,纸盘子相对瓷盘子是。
[A] 临时与永恒
[B] 激进与保守
[C] 实用与艺术
[D] 卑微与高尚
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