考研网 发表于 2016-8-15 21:55:30

2009考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(13)

取自:


TEXT 3
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the random byproducts of the neural repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off line." And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center, "if you don't like it, change it."
订阅收藏《2009考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记》系列文章
Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams occur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr.Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain") is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.
The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events-until, it appears, we begin to dream.
And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
31.Researchers have come to believe that dreams.
[A] can be modified in their courses
[B] are susceptible to emotional changes
[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears
[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs
32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show.
[A] its function in our dreams
[B] the mechanism of REM sleep
[C] the relation of dreams to emotions
[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex
33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to .
[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind
[B] develop into happy dreams
[C] persist till the time we fall asleep
[D] show up in dreams early at night
34. Cartwright seems to suggest that .
[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams
[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control
[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression
[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious
35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?
[A] Lead your life as usual.
[B] Seek professional help.
[C] Exercise conscious control.
[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.

kyfour 发表于 2016-8-15 22:16:57

aggravate3 v.恶化,加重,加剧
anxiety3 n.①挂念,焦虑,焦急,忧虑;②渴望,热望
attention14 n.①注意(力),留心;②立正
author69 n.①作者;②创始人
authority6 n.①权力,威信,权威;②权威者,有权威性的典籍;③[pl.]当局,官方
avoid9 v.避免,回避,逃避
chair4 n.①椅子;②主席(职位);vt.主持,担任
component4 n.①组成部分;②成分;③部件;a.组成的,合成的
conscious5 a.①(of)意识到的,自觉的;②有意识的,神志清醒的
daytime1 n.白天,日间
depress1 v.①压抑,降低;②使沮丧,压下
disguise2 n./v.假装,伪装
economic23 a.经济(上)的,经济学的
emotion4 n.情绪,情感
essential11 a.①(to)必要的,必不可少的;②本质的,基本的;n.①本质,要点;②必需品
evidence14 n.①根据,证据;②形迹,迹象
formulate3 v.①构想,规划;②系统地阐述
function10 n.①功能,作用;②[pl.]职务,职责;③函数;v.起作用
generate4 v.产生,发生
harness1 v.治理,利用
identify10 v.①识别,鉴别,认明,认同;②(with)把...和...看成一样,打成一片
intend15 v.想要,打算,企图
involve20 v.①卷入,陷入,连累;②包含,含有,涉及
lead21 v.①领导,引导;②领先,占首位;③(to)通向,导致,引起;④经历,过(生活);n.带领,引导;n.铅
leading5 a.①主导的,重要的;②主要的;③引领的
link9 v.连接,联系;n.环节,链环
literally2 ad.①照字面意义,逐字地;②确实;③简直,差不多
logic1 n.逻辑,逻辑学
mechanism6 n.①机械装置,机构;②机制
modify3 v.更改,修改,修饰
mood2 n.①心情,情绪;②语气
negative4 a.①否定的,消极的,反面的;②负的,阴性的;n.①负数;②(摄影)底片
nightmare1 n.梦魇,恶梦,可怕的事物
occupy2 v.①占,占用;②占据,占领;③填满;④忙于,从事
outcome4 n.结果,成果
panic2 n.惊慌,恐慌;v.使惊慌,使恐慌
persist2 v.(in)坚持,持续
powerful10 a.强大的,有力的,有权的
process34 n.①过程,进程;②工序,制作法;③工艺;v.加工,处理
professional15 a.职业的,专业的,专门的;n.专家,专业人员
psychology7 n.心理学,心理
random3 a.随机的,随意的;n.随机,随意
reason26 n.①理由,原因;②理性,理智;v.①推论,推理;②说服,评理;③讨论,辩论
recur2 vi.复发,重现,再来
reflect8 v.①反映,表现;②反省,考虑;③反射
regulate3 v.①管制,控制;②调节,校准
revolutionary1 a.革命的,革新的;n.革命者
rid1 v.(of)使摆脱,使去掉
significance5 n.①意义,含义;②重要性,重大
susceptible1 a.易受影响的,易感动的;n.(因缺乏免疫力而)易得病的人
suspect1 v.疑心,怀疑;n.嫌疑犯,可疑分子
suspend2 v.①吊,悬挂;②推迟,暂停
switch4 n.①开关;②转换;v.转变,转移
system31 n.①系统,体系;②制度,体制
tend26 v.①趋向,往往是;②照料,看护
theory20 n.①理论,原理;②学说,见解,看法;③看法,观点
view28 n.①景象,风景;②观点,见解;③观察,观看;④眼界;v.看待,观察,考虑
vivid2 a.①鲜艳的;②生动的,栩栩如生的
byproduct1 n.副产品
cortex1 n.(植物的)皮层,树皮;(脑或肾的)皮层,皮质
emotional7 a.情绪的,情感的
imaging1 n.透视显像,成像技术
innermost1 a.最里面的,内心的,秘密的
insecurity3 n.不安全,不安全感
intellect8 n.智力
intensely1 ad.激烈地,热情地
limbic1 a.边缘的
neural1 a.神经系统的,神经中枢的,背的
neurologist1 n.神经学家
persistent2 a.持久的
prefrontal1 a.额叶前部的,前额的
reasoning7 n.推理;推论
relatively4 ad.相关地
suffering7 n.痛苦;困难
terrorism1 n.恐怖主义,恐怖活动
therapist1 n.治疗专家
thermostat1 n.自动调节器,自动调温器
uncertainty1 n.不确定,不可靠
unconscious3 a.不省人事,未发觉的,无意识的;n.无意识
upsetting3 a.令人心烦意乱的,令人苦恼的
visualize2 v.想像,显现

kyone 发表于 2016-8-15 22:33:08

难句1
A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"-the random byproducts of the neural repair work that goes on during sleep.
[结构分析]
1. 本句为分号隔开的两个分句;
2. 第一个分句主干为:...Freud formulated his revolutionary theory...,后面是一个that引导的同位语从句修饰theory;
3. 第二个分句主干为:...neurologists switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise",破折号后面的是对mental noise的补充说明;
[本句难点]本句主要是从句关系复杂,且包含同位语从句以及破折号之后的补充说明成分;
[方法对策]根据分号可以看出本句为两个并列分句,然后找出各自的句子主干,对于同位语从句以及破折号后面的补充说明成分,第一遍阅读可以不读;
[例句精译]一个世纪前,弗洛伊德开创了他革命性的理论,即,梦是我们潜意识里愿望和恐惧伪装的影子。到了20世纪70年代,神经学专家又转而把梦视作"精神上的杂音"--睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。
难句2
And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:one leading authority says + that引导的宾语从句;
2. 宾语从句中,使用了 not only...but (also) 的结构;
3. 逗号后面的动词不定式作为状语,修饰brought under conscious control;
[本句难点]主要是宾语从句对阅读速度的影响;
[方法对策]注意到宾语从句中使用了not only...but (also) 结构,本句就比较好理解了;
[例句精译]一位著名的权威说做梦这些精密的强有力的大脑事件,不仅可以利用,而且还可以有意识的加以控制,以达到有助睡眠和感觉良好的目的。
难句3
Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:Most people seem to have more bad dreams...;
2. 现在分词短语progressing...作状语修饰主句;
3. 现在分词短语suggesting + that从句作状语,是对前面两个分句状态的解释说明;
[本句难点]主要是两个现在分词短语的把握;
[方法对策]本句主句比较好找,关键在于把握住后面两个现在分词作状语的层次,后一个是对主句和第一个现在分词短语描述状态的总结;
[例句精译]大多数人在前半夜做噩梦,而快醒时转成好梦,这说明他们在梦中正在努力化解白天所产生的消极情绪。
难句4
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in panic," Cartwright says.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干部分是:...theres probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams...;
2. unless引导的是条件状语从句,使用了keep...from...的词组结构;
[本句难点]主要是unless引导的状语从句在后面影响理解;
[方法对策]找出主句主干,然后再分析unless引导的条件状语从句;
[例句精译]Cartwright说,一天快结束时,我们根本没有什么理由来关注梦,除非它使我们难以入眠或使我们在恐惧中惊醒。
31. [答案] A
[解析]这是一篇科普文章,谈到了做梦的事情。既然问题是:"研究人员现在已经逐渐明白梦"。(注意:have come to do sth.是个重要句式,"现在逐渐......"的意思,有now,by and by 和now,gradually之意),既然是now,就不能从"A century ago...",和"by the late 1970s..."中找答案,而应从"Now..."后边找。(上述三处为本题关键性的信号词)。而现在最新的权威结论是:"Its your dream,if you dont like it,change it."故选A,尤其是A把原文的change换成了同义词modify,更应该是答案。因为细节性问题越是不抄原句而换一个说法的,越可能是正确答案。出题人换一个词是为了迷惑考生,让你找答案比较困难,这几乎是个规律。至于本题的C,是一个世纪前弗洛伊德的看法;D是上世纪70年代的观点;都与"now"无关。至于B,第一段中并没有此说法。
32.[答案] C
[解析]问题是:"(第二段)提到limbic system,作者打算说明",注意:limbic来自limb一词,指人的肢体、手、足等,而非头脑。故limbic system可译为"感性体系"与下文的reasoning"理性体系"正相反。"感性体系"又叫后脑或小脑,负责运动、感觉等,比较肤浅。"理性体系"叫前脑或大脑,负责思维,比较深刻。因为人类做梦时"感性体系"活跃,所以人类在梦中显得很幼稚。同样,因为梦是感性在起作用,所以本段末句讲:"我们从梦里醒来时或者高兴或者抑郁,而这些感觉甚至会伴随我们一整天"。所以选C,本段是在讲"梦与感性的联系"。至于A:limbic system在梦中如何起作用,它的功能如何?并未涉及。(只说起作用,很活跃,但并未讲如何起作用)。还有D,它与前脑的区别,也没讲。选项B"眼球快动睡眠"的机制是什么,更没讲。
33.[答案] D
[解析]注意问题中的"negative",所以在第三段中也找出带有"negative"那一部分,细节题经常这样找信号词(或者叫关键词)。
问题是:"白天产生的消极情绪会......"第三段讲人类做梦是为了化解(working through)白天的消极情绪,所以,刚睡着时的坏梦会一点一点改善的。因此,D为正确答案。至于A(坏感觉)会加剧,C(坏感觉)会一直延续到我们睡着,文中并未提。至于B(坏感觉)会主动变好,也错,因为不是它们自己变好,而是"Most people"在梦中努力化解它们,这是人的本能。
34.[答案] D
[解析]当然,我们也不能仅依赖本能而被动地等待,精神专家Cartwright甚至告诉我们如何去操纵我们的梦,使之变好。所以,选择D。至于A,错在它只是专家建议中的一个步骤。B 、C也错,尤其是C,与专家建议背道而驰。
35.[答案] A
[解析]"对有时做噩梦的人,专家建议什么?"信号词是sometimes,有时做,说明是正常人,有时不做,故选A即可。而那些持续做噩梦者才应该选B。C适用于反复出现的噩梦,D文中则未提到。

kyfive 发表于 2016-8-15 23:17:39

在晚上能睡一个好觉的诸多要素中,梦是我们最无法控制的因素。在梦中,我们走进一个毫无逻辑、死人都能说话的世界。一个世纪前,弗洛伊德开创了他革命性的理论,即,梦是我们潜意识里愿望和恐惧伪装的影子。到了20世纪70年代,神经学专家又转而把梦视作"精神上的杂音"--睡梦中神经修复工作的随机性副产品。现在,研究人员怀疑,梦是大脑调节情感的一部分,当大脑"下班"时,梦能调控情绪。一位著名的权威说做梦这些精密的强有力的大脑事件,不仅可以利用,而且还可以有意识的加以控制,以达到有助睡眠和感觉良好的目的。芝加哥医疗中心心理部主任Rosalind Cartwright指出"这是你的梦,你不喜欢它,你可以改变它"。
来自大脑扫描成像的证据支持了这一观点。匹兹堡大学的Eric Nofzinger博士说:人处于快速眼球移动睡眠状态时,会做非常生动的梦,大脑此时也最为活跃,就像人是完全清醒似的。但并不是所有大脑的部位都参与活动;控制感性体系的大脑部位异常活跃,然而控制理性的大脑部位却相对平静。斯坦福大学睡眠研究员William Dement博士说"当我们从令人高兴或沮丧的睡梦中醒后,这些感觉会伴随我们一天"。
睡梦与情感的关联在Cartwright诊所的病人中也有所表现。大多数人在前半夜做噩梦,而快醒时转成好梦,这说明他们在梦中正在努力化解白天所产生的消极情绪。因为,我们清醒时的大脑装满了日常生活的各种事物,我们对白天发生的事并不进行情感意义的思考,只有在梦中,才这样思考。
但这一过程没有必要留给潜意识处理,Cartwright认为一个人可以通过练习来控制反复出现的噩梦。当你一觉醒来,首先弄清梦是什么使你不安。想像你想让它(这种梦)如何结束,下一次再发生时,设法及时醒来以控制梦的进程。实际上,通过大量练习,人们在睡眠中可以学会这样做的。
Cartwright说,一天快结束时,我们根本没有什么理由来关注梦,除非它使我们难以入眠或使我们在恐惧中惊醒。恐怖活动、不稳定的经济和一般意义的不安全感都会增加人们的忧虑。长期受噩梦困扰的人应该去找专家看看。其他人呢,大脑自有办法来处理不好的感受,继续睡眠或做梦吧,第二天早上你感觉更好一点。
31. 研究人员最终认识到梦。
[A] 可以改变其过程
[B] 对情感变化很敏感
[C] 反映了我们内心的愿望和恐惧
[D] 是神经修复工作随机性的结果
32. 提到limbic system作者是要指出。
[A] 它在做梦时的作用
[B] 眼球快速运动时睡眠的机制
[C] 梦与感性之间的关系
[D] 它与控制智力和理智大脑部位的区别
33. 白天生成的消极情绪。
[A] 在潜意识的梦里会加剧
[B] 会转化成好梦
[C] 会持续到我们睡着
[D] 会出现在上半夜的梦中
34. Cartwright看来认为。
[A] 及时醒来在化解噩梦中很关键
[B] 回忆噩梦有助于控制它们
[C] 让梦顺其自然
[D] 梦并不完全属于潜意识
35. Cartwright对那些有时做噩梦的人建议是。
[A] 跟往常一样过正常生活
[B] 寻求专业帮助
[C] 练习控制意识
[D] 白天尽量避免焦虑
页: [1]
查看完整版本: 2009考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(13)