考研网 发表于 2016-8-15 21:55:26

2009考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(11)

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TEXT 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
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The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of "goods and services" than males.
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de Waal's study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers).So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by .
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] making a comparison
[D] explaining a phenomenon
22. The statement "it is all too monkey" (Last line, Paragraph 1) implies that .
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are .
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys .
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers
[B] can be taught to exchange things
[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated
[D] are unhappy when separated from other
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.

kysix 发表于 2016-8-15 22:14:39

ancestor1 n.祖宗,祖先
appearance3 n.①出现,出场,露面;②外表,外貌,外观
assumption3 n.①假定,设想;②采取;③承担
attention14 n.①注意(力),留心;②立正
author69 n.①作者;②创始人
candidate3 n.①候选人,候补者;②报考者,应试者
capable3 a.①有本领的,有能力的;②(of)可以...的,能...的
chamber3 n.房间,室
characteristic8 a.(of)特有的,独特的;n.特征,特性
cheat1 v.①欺骗;②作弊;n.①骗子;②欺诈,欺骗行为
colleague4 n.同事,同僚
comparison3 n.比较,对比,比喻,比拟
contrast5 v.对比,对照;n.对比,对照,差异
cooperative2 a.合作的,协作的;n.合作社
counterpart2 n.对应的人(或物)
creature2 n.人,动物,生物
cucumber4 n.黄瓜
emotion4 n.情绪,情感
eventually4 ad.终于,最后
evolve3 v.(使)发展,(使)进化
exchange8 v./n.①(for)交换,调换,兑换;②交流,交易;③交换台,交易所
female4 a.女的,雌的
generous1 a.宽宏大量的,慷慨的
goods9 n.商品,货物
grape4 n.葡萄
imply12 v.意指,含...意思,暗示
incline2 v.①(使)倾斜,(使)偏向;②(使)倾向于;n.斜坡,斜面
indignation1 n.愤怒,愤慨
induce2 v.①引诱,劝使;②引起,导致;③感应
infer21 v.推论,推断
jealous1 a.①(of)妒忌的;②猜疑的,警惕的
justify8 v.证明...是正当的,认为有理
luxury1 n.①奢侈,华贵;②奢侈品;a.奢华的,豪华的
male4 n./a.男性(的),雄性(的)
mere7 a.①纯粹的;②仅仅,只不过
nature14 n.①自然界,大自然;②性质,本性,天性
observe5 v.①遵守,奉行;②观察,注意到,看到
opening3 n.①口子,孔;②开始,开端;③空缺,机会;a.开始的,开幕的
outrage1 n.暴行,侮辱,愤怒;vt.触怒,激怒
perfect5 a.①完善的,无瑕的;②完全的,十足的;v.使完美,改进
phenomenon9 n.[pl.phenomena]现象
pose4 v.①造成(困难等);②提出(问题等),陈述(观点等);③摆姿势;④假装,冒充
preferable3 a.(to)更可取的,更好的
presence2 n.出席,到场,存在,在
preserve4 v.①保护,维持;②保存,保藏;③腌渍;n.专门领域
publish3 v.①出版,刊印;②公布,发表
readily4 ad.①容易地;②乐意地,欣然地
reluctant2 a.不愿的,勉强的
reputation1 n.名声,声望
resent3 v.对...表示忿恨,怨恨
reward3 n.(for)报酬,赏金,奖赏;v.①(for)酬劳,奖赏;②酬谢,报答,奖酬
rival4 n.竞争者,对手;v.竞争,对抗;a.竞争的
sense16 n.①感官,官能;②感觉;③判断力;④见识;⑤意义,意思;v.感觉到,意识到
slack2 a.①懈怠的,懒散的,松驰的,不紧的;②萧条的;n.①淡季,萧条;②[pl.]便裤,运动裤;v.松弛,放松
slice2 n.①薄片,切片;②一份;③部分切(片)
social38 a.①社会的;②社交的,交际的;n.社交活动
source11 n.①源,源泉;②来源,出处
species7 n.(物)种,种类
stable3 a.稳定的,安定的;n.马厩,马棚
statement7 n.声明,陈述
stem2 n.①茎,干;②词干;vi.(from)源自,起源于
temperament1 n.气质,性情,性格
tend26 v.①趋向,往往是;②照料,看护
token3 n.①象征;②代金券,代用品;a.象征性的
topic3 n.话题,主题,题目
toss1 v.①投,扔;②摇摆,颠簸;③辗转反侧
underlying2 a.①含蓄的,潜在的;②在下面的
vanish3 v.消失,消散
abundantly1 ad.丰富地
adjoin1 v.毗连,靠近
attentive1 a.注意的,专心的
capuchin5 n.卷尾猴
cooperation3 n.合作,协作
cute1 a.可爱的,聪明的,伶俐的
fairness1 n.公平,正直
finely1 ad.精巧地;细微地,美好地
grievance1 n.委屈,抱怨
independently3 ad.独立地,自立地
markedly1 ad.显著地,明显地
resentment1 n.怨恨,愤恨
righteous1 a.正直的,正当的
unfairness2 n.不公平

kyone 发表于 2016-8-15 22:34:55

难句1
Such behaviour is regarded as "all too human", with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:Such behaviour is regarded as...;
2. 逗号后面是with引导的状语,对such behaviour起补充说明作用;
3. assumption后面是一个that引导的同位语从句,修饰assumption;
[本句难点]主要是句子结构复杂;
[方法对策]首先找出句子的主干结构,然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精译]这种行为被认为是人类独有的,因为人们潜在地认为其他动物没有能进化出这种抱怨他人的情感。
难句2
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:...their behaviour became markedly different;
2. 句首是when引导的是时间状语从句,其后是when状语从句的结果,用so that引导;
[本句难点]理解从句之间的关系;
[方法对策]本句最后一个分句是主句,so that引导的句子是when时间状语从句的结果;
[例句精译]但是当两只猴子被分别关在相邻的笼子,而且每只猴子还能看到对方用石头交换了什么物品时,它们的行为就极其不同了。
难句3
And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.
[结构分析]
1. 本句第一个逗号前是if引导的条件状语从句;
2. 第一个逗号后面是本句的主句,主语是the other,三个并列谓语用either...or...or...连接,第一个为tossed,第二个谓语也是tossed,此处省略,第三个谓语是refused to accept;
[本句难点]主要是主句中三个并列谓语的理解;
[方法对策]首先分析主句和从句,然后再分析各自的主干结构,注意主句包含三个并列谓语;
[例句精译]如果一只猴子无需交出石头就能得到葡萄,另一只会把石头扔向研究人员进行报复或扔出笼外,还有的会拒绝接受这么一小条黄瓜。
难句4
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
[结构分析]
1. 本句主语是whether...or...连接的两个句子,谓语是is,宾语是an unanswered question;
2. ancestor后面的that引导一个定语从句,修饰the common ancestor;
[本句难点]主句主语是whether...or...连接的两个句子,比较长,且其中包含一个定语从句;
[方法对策]注意主句主语中的连接词:whether...or...,本句的谓语和宾语比较简单;
[例句精译]但是,这种愤愤不平之心是人类和猴子独立地进化出来的,还是他们三千五百万年前从老祖先那遗传来的,这一问题尚没有定论。
21.[答案] C
[解析]这是一篇心理学方面的文章。讲得是人类遇到不公平就会义愤填膺,这是"人之常情"。但通过科学家的研究,我们发现猴子也会如此,这其实也是"猴之常情"。此题问:"第一段作者用什么引出其话题?"是D:解释一种现象吗?是B:证实一个假定的合理性吗?细看第一段,既没有"解释"(为什么猴子也会如此),更没有"证实"(猴子这么做非常合理),只说了:猴子亦会跟人一样对不公平愤怒这样一个事实。所以,答案须从A与C中寻找。那么,是A:把人与猴"对照",还是C:把人与猴"对比"呢?这道题出的十分狡猾。但仔细想想,如果人会生气,猴不会,这种截然相反,才用"对照"一词;而人会生气,猴也能,这是在拿猴和人进行比较,所以用"对比",选C。
22.[答案] B
[解析]问题:"这种情况也是猴之常情"这句话什么含义?推理题。第一段讲了,人遇到不公平会愤怒,所以"猴之常情"表明猴也会如此,故选B。至于A:猴会对懒惰的对手感到愤怒,C:猴跟人一样会互相嫉妒,第一段中并无此意。至于D:除猴子外别的动物不会有这种感情(指正义感),更是对人类的侮辱。你看,看了第一段就可以回答两道题,分段阅读的查找式阅读法是多么重要啊!
23.[答案] A
[解析]问题:"雌卷尾猴被选来做这项试验,最可能的原因是。"从第二段中可知:它们又可爱,又温顺,还很配合。但是,最主要的原因是(Above all)"它们比雄性更注意给什么货,就干什么活,",换言之,它们对事情的公平不公平更为敏感。故选A:"它们更能够掂量出它们所得到的(是否合理)。"weigh是"掂量"的意思。此题的关键是问选雌猴最可能的原因,当然从above all后边找答案。至于B 、C、D,要不文中未提及,要不为次要原因。
24. [答案] C
[解析]问题:"两位博士在研究中最终发现猴子。"因为"最终发现"(eventually),所以只能从结论中去找:The researchers suggest that...(注意,此处suggest不是"建议"而是"认为",否则,后面that从句中谓语用be才行)In the wild,猴子们很配合,很互相信赖,但是只有在每只猴子都觉得自己没上当受骗时才行。所以选C。"若是感到上当受骗,就不再配合。"至于A:猴子"喜欢葡萄甚于黄瓜",是事实,不是研究结果;B:猴子"可以学会交换商品",是研究的过程所发生的,不是结论;D:"如果与其他猴子分开,就会不高兴"文中从未提及。
25.[答案] B
[解析]推理题,依据文章末句可以推出此结论。A错,因为social emotions 是猴子们先天具有的(见"The researchers suggest that..."一句),不需要去develop(培养),C、D明显错误。

kyfour 发表于 2016-8-15 23:07:01

人人都喜欢工资暴涨。但假如你得知你的同事工资涨幅比你还大,你这种快乐的心情就会消失。事实上,如果他还有偷懒怠工的名声,你可能会暴怒的。这种行为被认为是人类独有的,因为人们潜在地认为其他动物没有能进化出这种抱怨他人的情感。位于佐治亚州亚特兰大市的Emory大学的两位学者Sarah Brosnan和Frans de Waal在《自然》杂志上发表了他们的研究成果,研究表明猴类动物也有这种愤愤不平之心。
研究人员研究了两只棕色的雌性南美卷尾猴。它们看起来很可爱,温顺合作,总是能分享食物。最重要的是,这两支雌猴像参照物人类女性一样,比起男性来更能关注"给什么货,就服什么务"的价值。(换言之,它们对事情的公平与否更为敏感。)
因为这些特点,它们(猴子)成为了Brosnan和de Waal博士的最佳研究"候选人"。研究人员花了两年时间来教会这两只猴子如何用代用品来交换食物。一般情况下,猴子会很高兴用一块石头去换取一条黄瓜。但是当两只猴子被分别关在相邻的笼子,而且每只猴子还能看到对方用石头交换了什么物品时,它们的行为就极其不同了。
在猴子的世界中,葡萄是奢侈品(要比黄瓜更受它们的喜爱)。当一只猴子用代用品去交换葡萄时,另一只是不愿意用代用品来交换黄瓜的。如果一只猴子无需交出石头就能得到葡萄,另一只会把石头扔向研究人员进行报复或扔出笼外,还有的会拒绝接受这么一小条黄瓜。事实上,一个笼舍里葡萄的存在(就算是没有猴子在吃),就足以引起另一只猴子愤愤不平了。
研究人员发现,猴子也和人类一样,是受社会情感影响的。在野外,它们能相互合作,属群体性动物,但这种合作只有在每只猴子没有感到被欺骗的情况下才能保持稳定。看起来,正当的义愤不仅仅是人类独有的。拒绝较小的奖赏能向群体其他成员清楚地表达这一心情。但是,这种愤愤不平之心是人类和猴子独立地进化出来的,还是他们三千五百万年前从老祖先那遗传来的,这一问题尚没有定论。
21. 在起始段,作者通过引入主题。
[A] 提出对照
[B] 证实一种假定的合理性
[C] 进行对比
[D] 解释一种现象
22. "这也是猴子的行为"这一说法暗示着。
[A] 猴子对偷懒的对手也很愤慨
[B] 对不公平感到义愤也是猴子的本能
[C] 猴子与人一样也会相互嫉妒
[D] 没有其他动物会同猴子一样有如此的情感
23. 选雌卷尾猴为研究对象是因为它们。
[A] 更能掂量出它们所得到的是否合理
[B] 关注研究人员的指令
[C] 外表和脾气俱佳
[D] 要比其他雄猴更大方一些
24. Brosnan和de Waal博士最终在研究中发现猴子。
[A] 喜欢葡萄胜过喜欢黄瓜
[B] 可以学会交换商品
[C] 若是感到上当受骗,就不会再配合
[D] 如果与其他猴子分开就会不高兴
25. 从最后一段我们可以推理出。
[A] 通过训练猴子能培养出社会情感
[B] 人类愤慨之心的来源尚不清楚
[C] 动物通常与人类一样会公开表达自己的情感
[D] 只有在野外,猴子才会合作
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