考研网 发表于 2016-8-15 21:55:24

2009考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(10)

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TEXT 4
Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.
This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.
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You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be abummer too.
Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling,smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda-to lure us to open our wallets-they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.
What we forget-what our economy depends on us forgetting-is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.
36. By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that .
[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music
[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings
[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness
[D] artists have changed their focus of interest
37. The word "bummer" (Line 5, Paragraph 5) most probably means something .
[A] religious
[B] unpleasant
[C] entertaining
[D] commercial
38. In the author's opinion, advertising .
[A] emerges in the wake of the anti happy art
[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public
[C] replaces the church as a major source of information
[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself
39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes .
[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness
[B] the anti happy art is distasteful but refreshing
[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied
[D] the anti happy art flourishes when economy booms
40. Which of the following is true of the text?
[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.
[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.
[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.
[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.

kysix 发表于 2016-8-15 22:26:47


agenda2 n.议事日程
anchor2 n.①锚;②新闻节目主持人;v.抛锚,停泊
argue19 v.①争论,辩论;②认为,主张,论证;③说服
author69 n.①作者;②创始人
average17 n.平均(数);a.①平均的;②普通的,一般的;v.平均,均分
balance5 v.称,(使)平衡;n.①天平,秤;②平衡,均衡;③差额,结余,余款
beam1 n.①(横)梁,桁条;②(光线的)束,柱;v.①微笑;②发光
boom7 v.①繁荣,兴旺;②发出隆隆声;n.①繁荣,兴隆;②隆隆声;③激增
cause28 n.①原因,理由;②事业,事件,奋斗目标;v.使产生,引起
celebrity1 n.名声,名人
cite3 v.引用,引证,举(例)
command2 n.①命令,指令;②统帅,指挥(权);③掌握,运用能力;v.①命令,要求;②指挥,统帅;③掌握,控制
commercial5 a.商业的,商务的,贸易的
communication11 n.①通讯,传达;②[pl.]通讯系统;③[pl.]交通(工具);④交流
create20 v.①创造,创作;②引起,造成,建立
culture21 n.①修养,教养;②文化,文明
damn1 v.谴责
dedicate5 v.奉献,把...用在
deny5 v.①否认,否定;②拒绝
depend16 v.(on)取决于,依靠,信赖,相信
depict1 v.描绘,描写
disappoint3 v.使失望,使扫兴
disaster2 n.灾难,天灾
economy29 n.①节约;②经济
emerge9 v.浮现,出现
emotion4 n.情绪,情感
era2 n.时代,年代,阶段,纪元
evil1 a.邪恶的,罪恶的;n.邪恶,罪恶
exhaust1 v.①使筋疲力尽,耗尽;②抽完,汲干;n.①排气装置;②废气
expectation2 n.预期,期望,指望
explore4 v.①勘探,探测;②探究,探索
express4 v.表达,表示;a.特快的,快速的;n.快车,快运
expression9 n.①表达,表示;②短语,词句,措词;③式,符号
feature9 n.①特征,特色;②(报纸或杂志)特写;③容貌,面貌;v.给显著地位
flourish2 v.繁荣,茂盛,兴旺
focus12 n.焦点,(活动,兴趣等的)中心;v.(on/upon)使聚集,集中
function10 n.①功能,作用;②[pl.]职务,职责;③函数;v.起作用
ideal5 a.①理想的,完美的;②空想的;③理想主义的;④唯心的;n.理想
ideology2 n.意识形态,思维方式
illusion1 n.幻想
incline2 v.①(使)倾斜,(使)偏向;②(使)倾向于;n.斜坡,斜面
information44 n.①通知,报告;②情报,信息
innocent1 a.①(of)清白的,无罪的;②无害的;③天真的,单纯的,无知的
intend15 v.想要,打算,企图
literacy1 n.有文化,有教养,有读写能力
lure3 v.引诱
major11 a.(较)大的,(较)重要的;n.①专业,主修科目;②专业学生;③少校;v.(in)主修,专攻
massacre1 n.残杀,大屠杀;v.残杀,集体屠杀
medium2 n.①中间,适中;②媒介物,介质,传导体;a.中等的,适中的
messenger1 n.送信者,使者,传令兵
misery3 n.痛苦,悲惨,不幸
negative4 a.①否定的,消极的,反面的;②负的,阴性的;n.①负数;②(摄影)底片
perfect5 a.①完善的,无瑕的;②完全的,十足的;v.使完美,改进
perpetual1 a.永久的,永恒的,长期的
poetry6 n.诗歌,诗集
positive4 a.①确实的,明确的;②积极的,肯定的;③正的,阳性的;④十足的,完全的;n.(摄影)正片
potential13 a.①潜在的,可能的;②势的,位的;n.潜能,潜力
powerful10 a.强大的,有力的,有权的
reality10 n.①现实,实际;②真实
reason26 n.①理由,原因;②理性,理智;v.①推论,推理;②说服,评理;③讨论,辩论
refresh1 v.(使)精神振作,(使)精力恢复
religion8 n.①宗教,信仰;②信念,信条
religious4 a.宗教的,信教的,虔诚的
replace7 v.①放回,替换,取代;②归还
risk14 v.冒...的危险;n.风险,危险
skeptical2 a.怀疑性的,好怀疑的,无神论的
source11 n.①源,源泉;②来源,出处
suit4 v.①合适,适合;②相配,适应;n.①一套西服;②诉讼
surround3 v.包围,环绕
wallet1 n.皮夹,钱包
weird1 a.怪异的,奇怪的;n.命运,宿命
worm4 n.虫,蠕虫
advertise12 v.做广告
arthritis1 n.关节炎
boring3 a.令人厌烦的,乏味的,无聊的
bummer1 n.失败,坏事
clove1 n.丁香,丁香树
daffodil1 n.水仙花;a.水仙花色的
disappointment2 n.失望
distasteful1 a.味道不佳的,(令人)不愉快的
eater1 n.吃...的人(动物)
emergence5 n.浮现,出现
entertaining2 a.①使人愉快的;②有趣的
expressive2 a.有表现力的,富于表情的
media9 n.媒体
memento1 n.纪念品
onward1 a.向前的;ad.向前, 在前面
phony1 a.假冒的,虚假的;n.假冒者
reminder3 n.提醒的人,暗示
sadness1 n.悲哀,悲伤
unreliable1 a.不可靠的
worshipper1 n.礼拜者,崇拜者

kytwo 发表于 2016-8-16 00:02:16

难句1
But somewhere in the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring,as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.
[语法分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:...more artists began seeing...as...;
2. 句首为but引导的时间状语;
3. as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaires flowers of evil也为状语成分;
[本句难点]本句相对简单,主要是两个时间状语从句的影响;
[方法对策]分别找出主句和从句主干结构,注意其中包含一个see...as...的句型;
[例句精译]但大约在19世纪,随着从英国诗人沃兹沃斯的《水仙花》到法国诗人波德莱尔的《恶之花》作品的发表,许多艺术家们开始把快乐看作是平淡的、虚伪的、甚至是讨厌的东西。
难句2
The rise of anti happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
[语法分析]
1. 本句主干结构是The rise of antihappy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media;
2. and with it是 a commercial culture的前置定语,it指the emergence of mass media;
3. a commercial culture后面是in which引导的定语从句,修饰a commercial culture;
[本句难点]主要是从句关系比较复杂;
[方法对策]首先找出句子的主干,然后再分析从句关系和从句主干;
[例句精译](广告等)大众传媒的出现带来了一种商业文化。这种商业文化不仅把欢乐看成是理想,甚至还看成是一种意识形态。于是,反欢乐艺术也就应运而生了。
难句3
In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.
[语法分析]
1. 本句句子主干是:...the most powerful mass medium was the church...;
2. 其后是which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰the church,此从句中,包含用and连接、that引导的两个宾语从句;
[本句难点]从句和修饰成分比较复杂;
[方法对策]首先找出句子主干,然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精译]在西方,在人们能读书识字和大众文化交流传播之前,最强大的大众传媒是教堂--它提醒礼拜者他们的灵魂处于危险中,而且有朝一日他们的躯体也会成为蛆虫之肉。
难句4
What we forget-what our economy depends on is forgetting-is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.
[语法分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:What we forget...is + that引导的表语从句;
2. 两个破折号之间是插入语,起补充说明的作用;
3. 表语从句的结构比较简单;
[本句难点]插入语和表语从句对阅读的影响;
[方法对策]第一遍阅读可以忽略插入语,直接找出句子的主干,然后再分析其他成分;
[例句精译]我们所忘掉的一点--我们经济所依赖的正是人们的遗忘--是:幸福不仅仅是没有痛苦的欢乐而已。
难句5
Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.
[语法分析]1. 本句句子主干是:...we need art to tell us...Memento mori...;
2. 现在分词短语surrounded by promises of easy happiness作状语,as religion once did作方式状语;
3. 冒号后面的部分是对Memento mori的补充说明;其中谓语动词为remember,宾语是三个that引导的宾语从句;
[本句难点]从句关系和修饰成分比较复杂;
[方法对策]首先找出句子主干,然后再分析其他从句和修饰成分;
[例句精译]如今,被唾手可得的幸福快乐承诺所包围的我们,需要有人来告诫我们(就像宗教曾经做的那样)。(警示)--记住:你会死的,一切都会结束。幸福快乐不在于要否认这一点,而在于要能容忍这一点。
36.[答案]D
[解析]本文谈了艺术家对人生不幸的理解。本题问:"作者引用两位诗人作例子是想说"看完头两段可知:作者说:艺术只能描写人类的负面感情,即人类的悲哀吗?不,早期的艺术主要是描述人类欢乐的!但是(又是这个讨厌却非常重要的"但是"),自从两诗人出现后,风向变了,更多的艺术家们开始把幸福欢乐看作是平淡的、虚伪的、甚至是讨厌的东西!可见引用两诗人是为了说明风向变了,故选D。(切记!!!"但是"一词后面经常是给分点。"但是"包括:But,However,Yet,Although,Nevertheless等等。)
37.[答案]B
[解析]词汇题应该看上、下文。此处"bummer"一词处于段尾,几乎没有下文,那就来看上文吧!上文说:以前的教会会不断提醒我们生活中碰到的多种艰辛和苦难,于是人们就需要点欢乐,不再需要艺术来提醒他们自己周围生活中碰到的各种苦难了。故选B。
38.[答案]D
[解析]作者认为:广告只是给人们制造了某种虚幻的幸福。你看:广告中快餐食用者们、新闻主持者们、邮差信使们,大家都在微笑,微笑,微笑......甚至杂志的封面人物也都在微笑......。既然这些广告的目的只有一个:让我们打开钱包,那么,广告向人们宣传的快乐幸福是多么不可相信(unreliable不可靠,不可信)。然后,作者又举了治关节炎的新药"西乐葆"的广告为例来说明这一点。故选D。
39.[答案]B
[解析]我们从末段可知,作者认为:the antihappy art提供的信息口味虽然很苦(bitter),但是(yet)(又是:"但是")却带来一股多么清新的风。所以,选B(其中,把原文的"苦"bitter换成问题中的distasteful"不好吃";把原文的fresh air换成refreshing)。至于A,作者并未讲幸福常以悲剧结束。原文只是说:"欢乐幸福的事物中常会carry一些未来潜在loss and disappointment的可能性,并未说幸福会以sadness结束。选项C说:悲惨苦难应被欣赏而不是被否认。原文可没这么说,原文只说是:"幸福快乐不在于要否认痛苦,而在于要能容忍它(living with it)。注意:living with it ≠enjoy it。选项D则明显错误。
40.[答案]A
[解析]选项A:"宗教曾经起过苦难提醒器的作用"是对的。依据是"in the west",...church...reminded worshippers that...that...。其他几个选项则没有根据。

kythree 发表于 2016-8-16 00:33:08

有许多事情让人们认为艺术家很怪异,而最怪异之处在于:艺术家们的惟一工作是探索感情,但他们却宁肯集中精力描写人类感情中悲哀的一面。
情况并非总是如此。早期的艺术形式,如绘画和音乐,是最适合描写欢乐的。但大约在19世纪,随着从英国诗人沃兹沃斯的《水仙花》到法国诗人波德莱尔的《恶之花》作品的发表,许多艺术家们开始把快乐看作是平淡的、虚伪的、甚至是讨厌的东西。
你可能会争辩说:艺术对快乐感到了怀疑是因为当今时代目睹了如此多的苦难。但这似乎不能说明问题:早期的人类就没有没完没了的战争、灾祸和对无辜者们的大屠杀了吗?!
事实上,可能恰恰相反,(艺术家对欢乐持怀疑态度的)理由是如今这个世界有着太多该死的欢乐幸福。
归根结底,什么是完全致力于描述欢乐的现代表达方式呢?是--广告。(广告等)大众传媒的出现带来了一种商业文化。这种商业文化不仅把欢乐看成是理想,甚至还看成是一种意识形态。于是,反欢乐艺术也就应运而生了。
对早期的人们来说,周围的一切都提醒着苦难:他们一直工作,直到累得筋疲力尽,生活几无保障,年纪轻轻就命丧黄泉。在西方,在人们能读书识字和大众文化交流传播之前,最强大的大众传媒是教堂--它提醒礼拜者他们的灵魂处于危险中,而且有朝一日他们的躯体也会成为蛆虫之肉。考虑到这一切,人们也确实不再需要让艺术也变成使人不快的东西了。
如今,普通西方人不断接收的并非宗教性,而是商业性的、要永远快乐的信息。快餐食用者们、新闻主持者们、邮差信使们,大家都在微笑、微笑......。我们的杂志以微笑的名流和住在完美住宅中的幸福家庭作为特写。
而既然这些信息只有一个意图--诱使我们打开自己的钱包--这就使快乐幸福的想法显得多么不可相信。"欢庆吧!",治疗关节炎的新药"西乐葆"在广告中这么呼喊,但不久我们就发现它能增加我们患心脏病的风险。
我们所忘掉的一点--我们经济所依赖的正是人们的遗忘--是:幸福不仅仅是没有痛苦的欢乐而已。能给人们带来最大欢乐的事物,常常伴随有未来潜在的巨大失落或失望感在里面。如今,被唾手可得的幸福快乐承诺所包围的我们,需要有人来告诫我们(就像宗教曾经做的那样)。(警示)--记住:你会死的,一切都会结束。幸福快乐不在于要否认这一点而在于要能容忍这一点。这是个比丁香烟叶还要苦的信息,但不知为何,却能给我们带来一股清新的气息。
36.引用诗人沃兹沃斯和波德莱尔作例子作者是想说:。
[A]诗歌不像绘画和音乐那样能表达欢乐
[B]艺术是从人们的正面和负面情感中产生出来的
[C]如今的诗人对幸福快乐不那么怀疑了
[D]艺术家们已经改变了他们的兴趣点
37.单词"bummer"的意思是。
[A]宗教的
[B]令人不快的
[C]愉快的
[D]商业性的
38.在作者看来,广告。
[A]是随着反快乐艺术的觉醒而出现的
[B]是公众失望的原因
[C]取代教会成了一个信息的主要来源
[D]制造了某种虚幻的幸福而非真正的幸福
39.我们从最末段可知,作者认为。
[A]幸福常常以悲剧结束
[B]反幸福快乐的艺术虽口味不好但却发人深醒
[C]悲惨应该被欣赏而不是被否认
[D]反幸福艺术随着经济的繁荣而繁荣
40.关于本文,下面哪一条是对的?
[A]宗教曾经起着提醒人们苦难的作用
[B]艺术在期盼和现实之间提供了某种平衡
[C]人们对现代社会的现实感到了失望
[D]大众传媒倾向于报道灾害和死亡的消息
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