考研网 发表于 2016-8-15 21:55:23

2009考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(9)

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TEXT 3
When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction.Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
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That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long fished areas, it has halved again since then.
Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.
Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.
31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that .
[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment
[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared
[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today
[D] slow growing fish outlive fast growing ones
32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm's paper that .
[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%
[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago
[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount
[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old
33. By saying "these figures are conservative"(line 1, paragraph 3), Dr. worm means that .
[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly
[B] the catch sizes are actually smaller than recorded
[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss
[D] the data collected so far are out of date
34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that .
[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time
[B] fisheries should keep the yields below 50% of the biomass
[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level
[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation.
35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries .
[A] management efficiency
[B] biomass level
[C] catch size limits
[D] technological application

kyone 发表于 2016-8-15 23:14:26


account22 n.①账(目,户);②叙述,说明;③价值,地位;v.(for)①说明,解释;②占;③(take into)考虑;顾及
acknowledge4 v.①承认,认为;②致谢;③确认
amount10 n.数量,总额;v.(to)合计,总共达,等于
application4 n.①请求,申请(书,表);②应用,运用;③施用,敷用
argue19 v.①争论,辩论;②认为,主张,论证;③说服
attempt6 v.(to)尝试,试图;n.(at)企图,努力
author69 n.①作者;②创始人
available18 a.①可用的,可得到的;②可以见到的,随时可来的
average17 n.平均(数);a.①平均的;②普通的,一般的;v.平均,均分
bait1 n.诱饵;vt.引诱
business36 n.①商业,生意;②事务,业务,职责;③企业;④贸易量;⑤行业,业务
concern20 v.①涉及,关系到;②(常与with,about,in连用)关心,挂念;③担心,担忧;n.①(利害)关系;②关心,挂念;③担心,担忧
conservative5 a.保守的,守旧的;n.保守主义者
current7 n.①电流,水流,气流;②潮流,趋势;a.①当前的,现在的;②通用的,流行的,最近的
data22 n.(datum的复数)资料,数据
detect4 v.察觉,发觉,侦察,探测
disappear4 v.不见,消失
efficiency5 n.①效率;②功效
environment12 n.环境,外界
estimate5 v./n.估计,估价
extinct1 a.①灭绝的;②熄灭了的
figure10 n.①体形;②数字;③图形;④人物;v.(out)算出,估计,推测
furthermore5 ad.而且,此外
hook2 n.钩,吊钩,钩状物;v.钩住
hunt4 v./n.①打猎,猎取;②(for)搜索;③寻找
individual21 a.①个人的,单独的;②独特的;n.个人,个体
infer21 v.推论,推断
lead21 v.①领导,引导;②领先,占首位;③(to)通向,导致,引起;④经验,过(生活);n.带领,引导;n.铅
management11 n.①经营,管理;②管理部门
marine1 a.①海的,海生的;②船舶的,航海的
massive3 a.①巨大的;大规模的;②严重的
maximum2 n.最大值,极限;a.最大的,最高的
nature14 n.①自然界,大自然;②性质,本性,天性
note9 n.①笔记,记录;②按语,注释;③便条,短笺;④钞票,纸币;⑤暗示,建议v.①记下,摘下;②表明,认为
notion7 n.概念,想法,意念,看法,观点
original3 a.①最初的,原始的,原文的;②新颖的,有独创性的;n.原物,原作,原文
present16 a.①出席的,到场的;②现在的,目前的;n.①现在,目前;②礼物,赠品;v.①赠(送),呈献;②介绍,陈述;③提出,呈交;④上演
prey1 n.①被捕食的动物,捕获物;②受害者;v.猎取食物
proportion3 n.①比例;②部分,份儿;③均衡,相称
publish3 v.①出版,刊印;②公布,发表
reason26 n.①理由,原因;②理性,理智;v.①推论,推理;②说服,评理;③讨论,辩论
restore3 v.①恢复,使回复;②归还,交还;③修复,重建
satellite4 n.卫星,人造卫星
saturate1 v.使饱和,浸透,使充满
shark2 n.鲨鱼
shift12 v.①替换,转移;②移动;n.①转换,转变;②(轮)班,(换)班
species7 n.(物)种,种类
stock9 n.①备料,库存,现货;②股票,公债;③无生命之物;④群,家庭,家系;v.储存
suffer4 v.①(from)受痛苦,患病;②受损失;③遭受;④忍受,忍耐
survive11 v.①幸免于,幸存;②比...长命
target5 n.目标,对象,靶子;vt.以...为目标
technology27 n.工艺,技术
theory20 n.①理论,原理;②学说,见解,看法;③看法,观点
threat9 n.①恐吓,威胁;②坏兆头,危险迹象
trap2 n.陷阱,圈套;v.诱捕,使中圈套
underestimate2 v.低估
vessel2 n.①容器,器皿;②船,舰;③管,血管
vulnerable3 a.易受攻击的,易受...的攻击
yield3 v.①出产,生长;②(to)屈服,服从;n.产量,收获
according47 ad.依照,根据
adjust3 v.调节,调整,校正
baseline2 n.基准线
biological3 a.生物学的
biologist3 n.生物学家
biomass3 n.生物量
exploitation2 n.①开发,开采;②剥削,利用
extinction1 n.灭绝,消失
fishery4 n.渔业,渔场
halve1 v.平分,减半
latest8 a.最近的
longline2 n.多钩长线
outlive2 vt.比...长寿
overfish1 vt.捕捞过度
predator1 n.食肉动物
prehistoric1 a.史前的,陈旧的
relatively4 ad.相关地
sonar1 n.声纳
sustainable1 a.可以忍受的,养得起的
technological9 a.科技的

kythree 发表于 2016-8-16 00:27:30

难句1
Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.
[语法分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass...but rather changes...,注意句干中包含一个not...but...结构;
2. 本句包含两个介词结构作状语:of fish species in particular parts of the ocean和in that biomass over time;
[本句难点]主要是注意estimate后面的两个宾语:biomass和changes;
[方法对策]找出句子主干,注意双宾语和not...but...结构;
[例句精译]其目的不是要去估算海洋特定区域鱼类的实际存在数量是多少,而是想知道多年来这些鱼类的生物群体增减变化情况。
难句2

That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.
[语法分析]
1. 本句是由连接词so连接的两个表示因果关系的分句构成;
2. 第一个分句主干为:That means...,means的宾语是省略了that的宾语从句;
3. 第二个分句主干为:the real difference...is likely to be...;
4.in catch size是changes的后置定语;
[本句难点]本句由两个分句构成,结构相对复杂;
[方法对策]分别找出两个句子的主干结构,再分析其他修饰成分;
[例句精译]这意味着海洋中更大数量的鱼类遭到了捕获。因此,现在和过去鱼量的真正差异可能比捕捞量所记载的还要糟糕。
难句3
Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
[语法分析]
1. 第一个逗号前为主句主干;
2. since引导一个原因状语从句;
3. 现在分词短语leading...表示一种伴随的动作;
[本句难点]would表示的是对过去情况的推测;
[方法对策]按照主句、从句、伴随修饰成分分析即可掌握本句;
[例句精译]因为没有更多的带饵鱼钩来捕捉它们,所以有些鱼就没被抓到,这就导致人们对过去鱼量的低估。
难句4
The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past.
[语法分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:The notion is + that引导的宾语从句;
2. 此宾语从句中,which引导的定语从句修饰the massive changes;
3. because引导的原因状语从句,补充说明宾语从句的内容;
[本句难点]主要是从句关系比较复杂;
[方法对策]首先找出主句主干,然后分析从句之间关系,即可掌握理解本句;
[例句精译]意思是:人们没能觉察到海洋中所发生的巨大变化是因为他们仅回顾了过去相对短暂的一段时间里的情况。
难句5
That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.
[语法分析]
1. 本句主干结构是:That matters...;
2. 主干后面because引导的从句主干结构是:theory suggests + that宾语从句;
3. 在此宾语从句中,句子主干结构是:the maximum sustainable yield...comes...;yield后面是that引导的定语从句修饰yield;其后有when引导的时间状语从句;
[本句难点]主要是从句比较多,而且有从句嵌套现象;
[方法对策]找出主句主干,然后再逐层分析其他从句;
[例句精译]这很重要,因为理论表明:当一个特定物种的生物群体总量降到其最初水平的50%时,这就是该渔场可以收获的最大的、可维持的渔业产量的顶峰了。
31.[答案]C
[解析]本文作者对海洋生物的现状表示了深刻的担忧。这从第一段(尤其是末句)中可以看出。所以,作者通过对陆地大型动物的灭绝的回顾,实际是想提醒我们:今天,大型海洋动物可能会面临着同样的威胁(选项C)。
32.[答案]A
[解析]选项B和D明显不对(见译文原文和选项的中文译文)。而选项C错在说新渔场的"捕鱼量"(catchsizes)只有原来的20%。但原文不是"捕鱼量"(catchsizes),而是"大型鱼类的群体总量"(biomass of large predators)只剩20%了。而选项A是正确的。因为:渔场开发的15年内,大型鱼生物群体总量下降80%,也就是说,只剩20%了。而从那以来至今,又下降了一半(it has halved again since then),即又下降10%,那不就等于说选A是对的嘛:只剩10%,或者说下降90%!(不要忘了,推理题需要自己推想才行!!!)另外,把原文中的"biomass"("生物群体总量")改为选项中的同义词stock("总的储量")也同样是为了迷惑考生!切记,越换同义词的题(如原文biomass换成选项中的stock),越可能是正确答案。越照抄原文的越可能是干扰项。因为出题人的原则很明确:尽量把正确的答案隐藏起来让考生找不到,而尽量把表面上的东西端上来把考生引入歧途!!!
33.[答案]C
[解析]问题是:(第三段中)Worm博士说:"这些数字还是有些保守"。这是什么意思?从第三段中可知:选项A与D明显不对,B是"当时的捕鱼量比实际记录得要小"也不合情理,而C"海洋生物群体的实际损失(比这些数字)大得多"才是正确答案(因为过去的统计手段比较落后,好多鱼被漏掉了,所以过去鱼类的真实数量应该比记载的还要大。而现在的捕鱼业更发达,捕得更多。所以,现在与过去的真实鱼量差距应比统计的数字更大。)
34.[答案]D
[解析]Myers博士等研究人员并没说:"海洋生物体总量应恢复到它原来的水平"(C),也未说"人们应该找到一条能更长时间起作用的底线"(A)。倒是选项B是一道非常狡滑的问题:渔场应将其捕捞量(yield)控制在鱼群总量的50%以下才行。这完全是在偷换概念。原文为:当鱼群总量降到其最初水平的50%时(50% of its original levels),而不是选项B中的(50% of the biomass),这时,就可以考虑该收收手了。(见中文译文),切记切记!照抄原文(50%)的,有时很可能是陷阱。
35.[答案]B
[解析]纵观全文(尤其是每段首句),可知作者主要关心的不是渔场的效益(A),技术的运用(D),甚至也不是捕鱼量的限度(C),而是:海洋生物还有多少?水平降到了何种程度?是否到了危险的地步?(B)

kythree 发表于 2016-8-16 00:57:56

当史前人类来到地球新的角落时,大型动物发生了一些奇怪的事:它们突然灭亡了。小一点的物种得以存活。而大的、生长慢的动物因比较容易被猎取而被迅速地捕杀殆尽,现在,一些类似的事情可能正在海洋中发生。
海洋生物遭到过度捕捞的情况已经为人们所熟知多年了。而像Ransom Myers和Boris Worm这样的研究人员现在只是让我们知道了事情的变化有多么快!他们翻阅了世界各地渔场的近半个世纪的资料,目的不是要去估算海洋特定区域鱼类的实际存在数量是多少,而是想知道多年来这些鱼类的生物群体增减变化情况。按照他们发表在《自然》期刊上的最新论文:某些大型食肉鱼的群体总量在一个新渔场开发的十年之内竟平均下降达80%之多。而在一些开发很久的地区,从那以后数量又下降了一半。
Worm博士承认这些数字还是有些保守。原因之一是今天的捕鱼技术又有了极大的改进。现代渔轮可用卫星和声纳发现鱼群,而这在五十年前根本是不可能的。这意味着海洋中更大数量的鱼类遭到了捕获。因次,现在和过去鱼量的真正差异可能比捕捞量所记载的还要糟糕。此外,早期(科学调查用的)深海捕鱼绳上捕满了鱼,因为没有更多的带铒鱼钩来捕捉它们,所以有些鱼就没被抓到,这就导致人们对过去鱼量的低估。还有,在过去的捕鱼绳捕鱼中,也有时有的鱼被鱼钩住之后又被鲨鱼吞吃(言外之意:又钩一条又被吃掉,又钩一条又被吃掉......直到最后又钩住一条没吃。科学调查人员统计数字时只看到一条)。这现在不再是个问题了。因为周围的鲨鱼也少多了。(本段说明:过去的真实鱼量,比统计数字要大,这就更显得过去与现在鱼量反差之巨大)。
Myers和Worm博士指出:他们所做的工作给出了一个未来(渔业)管理必须加以考虑的正确底线。他们认为他们的资料支持目前在海洋生物学家中非常流行的看法:(捕鱼应该有一个)"变化的底线"。意思是:人们没能觉察到海洋中所发生的巨大变化是因为他们仅回顾了过去相对短暂的一段时间里的情况。这很重要,因为理论表明:当一个特定物种的生物群体总量降到其最初水平的50%时,这就是该渔场可以收获的最大的、可维持的渔业产量的顶峰了。多数渔场鱼量远远低于这一标准,这可是一种不好的做事方式。
31.(文章首段)提到大型史前动物的灭绝是想要说明:。
[A]大型动物对变化的环境反应脆弱
[B]大型动物消失了,小型动物就活了下来
[C]今天,大型海洋动物可能会面临着同样的威胁
[D]长得慢的鱼比长得快的鱼活得长
32.我们从Myers和Worm两博士的论文可以推论出:。
[A]在一些开发很长时间的旧渔场,大型食肉鱼的群体总量已经减少了90%
[B]今天的渔场数量只有15年前的一半
[C]新渔场的捕鱼量只有原来数量的20%
[D]新渔场的大型食肉鱼类数量比老渔场下降得快
33.(第三段)说:"这些数字还是有些保守",Worm博士的意思是:。
[A]捕鱼技术发展得很快
[B]当时的捕鱼量比实际记录得小
[C]海洋生物群体的实际损失要(比这些数字)大得多
[D]到目前为止,搜集的资料已经过时了
34.Myers博士等研究人员认为:
[A]人们应该找到一条能更长时间起作用的底线
[B]渔场应把其产量控制在鱼群总量的50%以下
[C]海洋生物体总量应该恢复到它原来的水平
[D]人们应该根据变化的形势来调整捕鱼的底线
35.作者似乎主要关心大多数渔场的。
[A]经营效益
[B]海洋生物群体的总的数量
[C]捕鱼量的限度
[D]技术的应用
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