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2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解(26)

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Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
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As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.
46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in
[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.
[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.
[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
[D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
47. The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2)most probably means .
[A] programs
[B] experts
[C] devices
[D] creatures
48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can
[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
[B] interact with human beings verbally.
[C] have a little common sense.
[D] respond independently to a changing world.
49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also
[A] make a few decisions for themselves.
[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.
[C] improve factory environments.
[D] cultivate human creativity.
50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are
[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.
[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.
[D] best used in a controlled environment.

kythree 发表于 2016-8-15 22:05:03

核心词汇:
artificial a.人造的; 人工的; 假的 ;做作的; 虚假的(art艺术,技巧+fic做→用技巧做出的→人工的)
ssembly n.集合;会议;装配;(美)洲议会的众议院
complicated a.错综复杂的,麻烦的,难解的(complicat+ed形容词后缀)
complication n.混乱,复杂(complicate+ion名词后缀)
compulsion n.强制(com共同+puls+ion名词后缀→共同推→强制)
confer v.商讨;授予,颁给(勋衔,学位等)(con共同+fer→共同带来观点→协商)
creature n.生物;人 (create增长,产生+ure名词后缀→创造物,生物)
cultivate v.耕作,栽培,养殖;培养,教养,磨炼(cult+ivate动词后缀→培养)
cunning a./n.狡猾(的),狡诈(的)
devise vt.设计;发明;图谋;作出(计划);想出(办法)(de强调+vis+e动词后缀→设计出给人看→设计)
disregard vt.不理会;忽视;漠视n.忽视;漠视(dis不+regard)
dynamics n.动力学(dynam+ics 学科→力量学→动力学)
elite n.[集合名词]精华;精锐;中坚分子(e出+lit=lig选+e 名词后缀→选出的人→精英人物)
forecast v./n.预测,预报(fore+cast扔→预先扔下→预料)
gizmo n.小发明
glimpse n.一瞥; 一看
hum n.嗡嗡声、轰鸣声
ingenious a.机敏的;有独创性的;精致的;精巧制成的(in内+geni+ous自内心产生→聪明的)
ingenuity n.设计的能力; 巧妙,精巧;天才的或有想象力的发明(in内+ genu出生,产生+ ity名词后缀→机灵;设计新颖)
instantaneous a.瞬间的,即刻的(in+stant马上的+aneous形容词后缀→马上发生的→同时发生的)
instantaneously av.瞬间地(即instant+aneous+ly)
irrelevant a.不相关的(ir+relevant),ir否定前缀(=in,在r前n变形为r),relevant(相关的)
nasty a.肮脏的,卑劣的,下流的;令人厌恶的
neuroscientist(神经科学家)←neuro(=nerve)+scientist
perceive v.察觉,感知;理解,领悟(per完全+ceive→完全拿到→感知),是perception(见前述)的动词形式,per前缀"全部",ceive词根"抓"。同根词:receive(v.收到)←re(=back)+ceive,"抓回来"deceive v.欺骗 ←de在下面+ceive,"在下面搞小动作"。
perception n.感知; 领悟力(per完全+cept拿,抓,握住+ion名词后缀→完全拿到→理解力)
previous a.先前的,以前的(pre前,先+vi路+ous形容词后缀→前面路上的→在前的)
previously av.先前地(即previous+ly)
reliable a.可靠的,可信赖的,确实的(rely→i+able),reli即rely(v.依赖;信任),able后缀"可......的"
rhythm n.节奏,韵律
specific a.详细而精确的; 确切的;特定的; 具体的n.特效药;具体的方面; 详情; 细节v.确切说明; 明确规定; 详述 (speci外观,种类+fic做→做出外观的→具体的)
supervision n.监督, 管理(super+vis+ion),super前缀"在上面",vis词根"看"(如visual→vis+ual形容词后缀→视觉的),ion名词后缀
suspicious a.可疑的;不信任的(sus在下面+spic看+ious形容词后缀→怀疑的)
terminal a.晚期的;终点的;期末的n.终点(站);终端(termin+al)
难句剖析:
难句1
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty.
[分析]此句前面是since引导的一个时间状语,这个地方的dawn取其比喻的意思,表示早期。后面主句中有一个定语从句that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty用来修饰work。
[译文]自从人类智慧启蒙以来,人们已经设计出越来越精巧的工具去完成那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作。
难句2
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge.
[分析]此句是一个条件句,后面的主句比较复杂,里面有两个并列的谓语,而后面破折号引导的是一个补充说明成分,修饰整个主句。
[译文]但是如果要进一步实现劳动力的节约,那么就要减少机器人监控人员的数量,并且机器人至少能够独立地做一些决定,这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。
难句3
But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.
[分析]此句主语是the human mind,并列谓语glimpse和disregard,逗号后面instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd这一部分作状语,修饰谓语。
[译文]但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景,迅速排除98%的不相干的物体,立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子,或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。

kysix 发表于 2016-8-15 22:32:58

文章类型:自然科学--人工智能
这篇文章的主题是围绕机器人科学而进行论述。
试题解析:
46. 人类的独创性最初是在中得到证实。
[A] 使用机器去创作科幻小说
[B] 制造业广泛使用机器
[C] 发明工具应付困难和危险工作
[D] 精英对危险和乏味工作的巧妙处理
细节事实题【正确答案】 [C]
定位在第一段,尤其是"That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines"这句话。这句话的意思是:(发明一些灵巧的工具来从事一些危险、乏味、繁重,或者是讨厌的工作)这样一种需求导致了机器人技术的产生,即赋予机器以人的各种技能的科学。
47. "gizmos"(第二段,第1行)一词最可能的意思是
[A] 项目
[B] 专家
[C] 设备
[D] 生物
词汇题【正确答案】[C]
本题是考查考生从上下文猜测词义的能力。根据第二段中出现的"robot assembly arms","automated teller terminals","tireless robo drivers"等信息,可以猜出"gizmos"是"设备、装置"的意思。
48. 根据本文的观点,现在超出人类能力的是设计一种能够的机器人。
[A] 完成像做脑部手术那样的精细任务
[B] 与人类进行语言交流
[C] 有一点常识
[D] 独立应付不断变化的世界。
细节事实题【正确答案】 [D]
本题的答题依据是第三段中Dave Lavery的第二句话,即"we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."该句中的"dynamic"就是"动态的、变化的"意思。
49. 除了减少人类的劳动,机器人还能够
[A] 为自己做一些决定。
[B] 在人的干预下处理一些差错。
[C] 改善工厂的环境。
[D] 培养人类的创造力。
细节事实题【正确答案】[B]
定位在第三段中Dave Lavery说的第一句话,"While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error",即我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个具体的错误。看懂了这句话,这道题就很容易了。
50. 作者利用猴子的例子是为了证明:机器人
[A] 被期望复制人脑的内部结构。
[B] 能够立即感知异常事物。
[C] 远不如人类能够关注相关的信息。
[D] 在受控的环境中得到最好的利用。
例证题【正确答案】[C]
定位在文章最后一段。该段的主要意思是:机器人能够在很短的时间内发现机器的问题,而人脑能很快忽略不相关的信息,而将注意力集中到相关的信息上来,这是先进的机器人都做不到的。

kyfive 发表于 2016-8-15 23:28:34

全文精译:
自从人类智慧启蒙以来,人们已经设计出越来越精巧的工具去完成那些危险的、枯燥的、繁重的或者只是一般肮脏的工作。这种创造欲望导致了机器人科学的产生--一门将人类的能力赋予机器的科学。如果科学家们还没有在机械上实现科幻小说的幻想,那么他们也已经很接近这个目标了。
第一段:引入机器人科学的定义。
结果是,现代世界已经日益充斥着智能的装置,虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们,但他们的普遍存在却节省了大量的人类劳动。我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人生产线的节奏;自动柜机处理着银行业务,用机器语言礼貌的感谢你办理的业务;不知疲倦的机器人操纵着地铁车辆。由于电子和微观机械仪器的不断缩小,现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术,其精确性远远超过熟练的医生用他们的双手所能达到的水平。
第二段:列举一些机器人技术的一些成果。
但是如果要进一步实现劳动力的节约,那么就要减少机器人监控人员的数量,并且机器人至少能够独立地做一些决定,这些目标给我们提出了一个真正的挑战。"虽然我们知道如何让机器人去纠正一个特定的错误,"NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维·拉维里说,"我们仍然不能赋予机器人以足够的‘常识',使它们能够与动态的世界进行可靠的交流。"
第三段:指出机器人技术的未来目标是开发一种能独立决策和活动的机器人,同时指出实现这个技术并不容易。
实际上对真正的人工智能的追求已经产生了各种各样的效果。虽然一开始在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期--那时候仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展将使他们在2010年能够模仿人类大脑的活动--但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至数百年。
在试图模仿人类思维的过程中,研究人员发现,人类大脑中的近1000亿个神经细胞要比以前想象的更聪明,人类的感觉器官也比以前想象的更复杂。他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里,能够在仪表盘上识别毫米以下的误差。但是人的大脑能够扫描一个快速变化的场景,迅速排除98%的不相干的物体,立即聚焦于森林中蜿蜒道路旁的一只猴子,或者人群中的一张可疑的脸。然而即使地球上最先进的计算机系统也不具备这种能力,并且神经学科学家仍然不知道我们是怎样做到这一点的。
第四、五两段:举例说明人脑是人工智能短时间内所无法比拟的。
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