2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解(24)
取自:Text 4
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.
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Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.
I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people's lives.
56. What is implied in the first sentence?
[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
[C] Americans are over confident of their medical technology.
[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
57. The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that .
[A] medical resources are often wasted
[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases
[C] some treatments are too aggressive
[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable
58. The author's attitude toward Richard Lamm's remark is one of .
[A] strong disapproval
[B] reserved consent
[C] slight contempt
[D] enthusiastic support
59. In contrast to the U.S., Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care .
[A] more flexibly
[B] more extravagantly
[C] more cautiously
[D] more reasonably
60. The text intends to express the idea that .
[A] medicine will further prolong people's lives
[B] life beyond a certain limit is not worth living
[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life
[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health care
核心词汇:
aggressive a.侵略的,好斗的,有进取心的,敢作敢为的(ag再+gress+ive形容词后缀→侵略性的)
confront v.使面临,使遭遇;面对(危险等)(con互相,共同+front→互相面对→对抗)
depressed v.压抑,降低;使沮丧,压下;削弱(depress挤压+ed形容词后缀)
depression n.沮丧;萧条(depress+ion名词后缀)
disintegrate v.使瓦解,分裂(dis分开+integr+ate动词后缀→完整地分开→瓦解)
enthusiastic a.热情的,热心的(enthusiast+ic形容词后缀)
extravagant a.奢侈的;过分的;(言行等)放肆的(extra出+vag+ant形容词后缀→出去处处漫游的→奢侈的)
extravagantly ad.奢侈地 ←extra(=ex)加强语气+vag大+ant形容词后缀+ly
finite a.有限的;有限制的;暂时的(fin结束,范围+ite形容词后缀→有限的)
flexible a.柔韧的;易弯曲的;灵活的
frustrate vt.挫败,阻挠,使灰心(frustr犯错误+ate→挫败)
genetic a.基因的,遗传的;演变的(gen出生,产生+etic→基因的,遗传学的)
genetically ad.由遗传决定地 ←gene基因+tical形容词后缀+ly副词后缀
humble a.谦卑的,恭顺的;地位低下的v.降低,贬低(hum土地+ble形容词后缀→接近地面的→谦恭的)
inevitable a.不可避免的,必然发生的(in不+evitable)
infirm a.体弱的,衰老的;意志不坚的(in不+firm坚定→虚弱)
perish v.丧生;凋谢;毁灭,消亡
procedure n.程序; 办事程序; 手续; 步骤(pro在前+ced行走,前进+ure名词后缀→在前面走完的程序)
pursuit n.追逐,追寻;追逐或追寻的动作或事例(pursu(e)追求+it表抽象名词→追求)
quote v.引用,引述; 引证,举例; 节录(quot数目+e动词后缀→列举数目说明→引用)
reverse n.相反;背面a.相反的v.颠倒,倒转(re反+verse→反着转→颠倒)
shield n.防护物,护罩;盾,盾状物v.保护,防护
slight a.轻微的,微小的 ;纤细的,瘦弱的v. 轻视n. 冷落,无礼(s出+light轻→轻微的)
supreme a.极度的,最重要的;至高的,最高的
surgical a. 外科的;外科医生的;手术的;手术;外科病房(surg+ical);surgery(外科;外科学;手术;手术室)←surg+ery
surgeon (外科医生;军医)←surg+eon。
Therapy n.治疗,(不需要药物或手术的)物理疗法(therap+y名词后缀)
难句分析:
难句1
Shielded by third Party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless.
[分析]此句的主干结构是"...we demand everything...",everything的后面紧跟了一个that引导的定语从句,主句的前面是过去分词短语作状语,主句的后面是even if引导的让步状语从句。
[译文]由于医疗费用由第三方支付,我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段,即使它们不会有任何作用。
难句2
Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.
[分析]此句的主干结构是"physicians... offer treatment...",两个破折号之间是补充说明的部分,补充说明成分是由and连接的两个分词短语。介词beyond之后跟了一个宾语从句,构成介宾结构。
[译文]医生由于不能治愈疾病,同时又担心病人失去希望,常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法,这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限。
难句3
I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spent far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have.
[分析]此句主干是"I know that...",that后面跟了一个完整的宾语从句,宾语从句的谓语动词是have achieved,主语是people。countries作Japan和Sweden的同位语,并且country的后面跟了一个that引导的定语从句。
[译文]我也深知在医疗开销少得多的日本和瑞典,人们获得了比我们更长的、更健康的寿命。
文章类型:社会科学--死亡话题
这是一篇议论文。本文论述了随着医疗技术的发展,人们越来越难接受死亡,经常过多的投入在那些无法治愈、毫无希望的治疗中。因而指出人们应该勇于接受死亡这一自然规律。
试题解析:
56. 第一句话暗示了什么?
[A] 与其他人相比,美国人为死亡所作的准备更充分。
[B] 美国人享受的生活质量比以前高。
[C] 美国人对他们的医疗技术过分自信。
[D] 美国人对其长寿盲目骄傲。
推理题【正确答案】 [C]
该题问的是篇首第一句的含义。这句话说的是:"据说,在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的,在加拿大(死亡)是不可避免的,在加利福尼亚(死亡)是可以选择的。"从这句话中,我们可看出美国人的骄傲和狂妄,他们认为美国拥有高端的医疗技术,死亡是可以控制的。所以选择[C]项。
57. 作者利用癌症患者的例子是为了表明:
[A] 医疗资源经常被浪费。
[B] 医生对于致死的疾病感到无能为力。
[C] 一些治疗方法太大胆。
[D] 医疗费用越来越承受不起。
例证题【正确答案】 [A]
在第二段中,作者举出晚期癌症患者的例子,指出医生们为了不让患者丧失希望,往往采取一些过激的,缺乏科学根据的治疗方法。结合文章来看,我们可以理解此例子的作用是为了说明人们通常浪费了医疗资源,过度地投入在回天无力的事情上。所以选择[A]项。
58. 作者对里查德·莱蒙所作评论的态度是
[A] 强烈反对
[B] 有保留的赞同
[C] 有点蔑视
[D] 热情支持
态度题【正确答案】 [B]
莱蒙所说的话也是作者引用的一个论据。莱蒙认为老年人有义务死亡,以免挡住(年轻人的)道路。在接下来的一段,作者对于莱蒙的观点发表了看法:"I would not go that far."(我不会那么极端)。而在文章最后一段,作者用"Yet"表示了转折,表述了另外一个角度的意见。说的是,一个社会在这方面(追求高质量的老年生活)的花费是有限的。从中,我们可知作者希望人们接受新陈代谢的自然规律,所以在一定程度上与莱蒙所提倡的是一致的。所以选择[B]项。
59. 与美国形成对照,日本和瑞典投资医疗保健
[A] 更灵活
[B] 更过分
[C] 更小心
[D] 更合理
细节事实题【正确答案】[D]
定位在最后一段,其中,"I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier life",说明了虽然日本和瑞典在医疗保健上的花费比美国少,但寿命却比美国人长,身体也更健康。所以可以推断出,日本和瑞典在医疗保健上的投资更合理。因此选择[D]项。
60. 本文希望表达这样的观点:
[A] 医学将进一步延长人的寿命。
[B] 超出一定限度的生命不值得生存。
[C] 死亡应该被看成是一种不可避免的事实。
[D] 过度的要求提高了保健护理的费用。
中心主旨题【正确答案】 [C]
该小题考查的是考生对文章主旨要义的理解能力。本文主要讨论老年人应该接受新陈代谢的规律,不应以浪费医疗资源的方式无限地延续自己的生命。所以选择[C]项。
全文精译:
据说,在英国死亡很紧迫,在加拿大死亡不可避免,在加利福尼亚死亡可以选择。这不足为奇,在过去的一个世纪里,美国人的寿命几乎翻了一番。髋骨坏了可以更换,临床的忧郁症得到了控制,白内障仅用30分钟手术便可以切除。这些进步给老年人口带来的高质量生活在50年前我刚从事医学时是难以想象的。但是即使有一个伟大的医疗卫生体系,死亡也是无法战胜的--而我们不能面对这个现实,正危及我们自身的伟大。
第一段:阐明了死亡是人生不能避免的这种观点。
死亡是正常的;从遗传角度来说,即使在最理想的环境里,我们都是注定会解体和灭亡。我们所有人在某种程度上都懂得这一点,但是作为医疗消费者,我们常将死亡视为一个问题来解决。由于医疗费用由第三方支付,我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段,即使它们不会有任何作用。最明显的例子是晚期癌症的治疗。医生由于不能治愈疾病,同时又担心病人失去希望,常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法,这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限。
1950年,美国在医疗卫生方面的开支是127亿美元。2002年,这项开支将达到15400亿。任何人都明白这个趋势不可持续,但是很少有人愿意扭转这种趋势。有些学者总结说,如果政府资金有限,它应该停止支付延缓某一个年龄以上人群寿命的医疗费用--比如83岁左右。据说,科罗拉多州前州长理查德·莱蒙曾经说,老年多病者"有责任死去和让位",以让更年轻、更健康的人们去发挥他们的潜能。
第二至第三段:进一步说明死亡是正常的这个观点,并且论述许多美国人过度依赖医疗手段,幻想逃避死亡。
我不会那么极端,毕竟现在精力充沛的人们通常能工作到60多岁,甚至更久,并仍然具有惊人的创造力。78岁的Viacom公司总裁萨姆勒·雷斯顿开玩笑说他只有53岁。最高法院法官桑德拉·欧康奈70有余,前卫生局医务主任C·库普80来岁还出任了一个互联网公司的总裁。这些领导人就是活生生的证据,证明对疾病的防治是有意义的,证明我们能够对付年龄带来的健康问题。作为一名年仅68岁的人,我希望像他们一样在老龄阶段保持创造力。
然而在这样的追求中,一个社会能够承担的费用是有限的。作为一名医生,我深知最昂贵和最激进的手段也可能是无效的和痛苦的。我也深知在医疗开销少得多的日本和瑞典,人们获得了比我们更长的、更健康的寿命。作为一个民族,我们可能在寻求不可能奏效疗法的探索上花钱太多,而在研究能改善人们生活质量的更基本的疗法上花钱太少。
第四至第五段:批判前州长莱蒙过于极端的说法,但也指出社会能够承担的医疗费用是有限的,必须接受死亡是人生不可避免的观点。
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