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2009考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解(14)

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Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
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There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report: "Science never has all the answer. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions."
Just as on smoking, voice now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent people of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of "paralysis by analysis."
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as .
[A] a protector
[B] a judge
[C] a critic
[D] a guide
28. What does the author mean by "paralysis by analysis" (Last line, Paragraph 4)?
[A] Endless studies kill action.
[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.
[D] Extensive research helps decision making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?
[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C] Press for further scientific research.
[D] Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
[A] they both suffered from the government's negligence.
[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
[D] both of them have turned from bad to worse.

kysix 发表于 2016-8-15 22:44:09

核心词汇:
crucial a.至关重要的,决定性的
initiative a.创始的,起始的n.第一步,创始,主动精神(in进入+itiate开始+ive形容词后缀→起步的)
lobby n.门廊,门厅,(会议)休息厅
pour v.灌注, 倾泻, 涌入, 流, 倾盆大雨
prudent a.谨慎的,智慧的,稳健的,节俭的(prud+ent)
steward n.乘务员,服务员;看管人;膳食管理员
难句分析:
难句1
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?
[分析]有三个问句,第一个问句的主干是"Do you remember all those years...",后面的when引导的定语从句修饰前面的名词years,定语从句由but连接的两个句子组成;第二个问句和第三个问句各自句首的that都引导一个宾语从句,都承第一个问句省略了主句"Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted...";"the science uncertain" 承前省略了was。
[译文]还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡,而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据,科学也不确定的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了破坏我们的生活方式,而政府不应该干涉我们的生活的时候吗?
难句2
The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely manmade.
[分析]此句的主干是"The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences...",过去分词短语enlisted by the White House作后置定语,修饰前面的名词panel;不定式短语to tell us that...也作名词panel的定语,其中tell后面接两个以that引导的并列宾语从句。
[译文]最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团,他们告诉我们,地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖,而这个问题主要是人为造成的。
难句3
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
[分析]此句包含and连接的两个并列分句,其中第一个分句中的does表示强调;第二个分句中的it是形式主语,critical后面引导的从句是真正的主语;在主语从句中,judgment后面的介词结构concerning...也修饰judgments,作定语。
[译文]但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了可能得到的最好的指引,关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时,应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
难句4
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。
[分析]此句的主干是"...voices now come from many quarters...";现在分词短语insisting... 作伴随状语,insisting后面接了两个以that引导的宾语从句,其中第二个宾语从句还包含以until引导的时间状语从句。
[译文]就像吸烟问题一样,现在来自四面八方的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整,在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。

kyone 发表于 2016-8-15 22:57:31

文章类型:时文--社会科学--全球气候变暖问题
本文通过论述抽烟的事情来说明现在的温室效应,并讲述世界各个政府对温室效应的解决态度,整篇文章围绕"证据不足"、"科学意义"、"制定法律"这样三个关键词展开。
试题解析:
26. 支持吸烟者提出的论点是:
[A] 没有科学证据证实吸烟与死亡之间的因果关系。
[B] 在过去几十年里吸烟者早死的人数不多。
[C] 人们有选择他们自己的生活方式的自由。
[D] 反对吸烟的人们通常是在胡说八道。
细节事实题【正确答案】[C]
文章第一段中作者用过去若干年中有关于吸烟与健康的一些问题引出本文主要的话题,即地球变暖问题。科学家们认为吸烟会导致人死亡,而怀疑论者坚持认为证据不足,并指出反对人们吸烟的观点本身就是在破坏人们的生活方式,政府不应该干涉。有许多美国人都听信了这种胡言,其结果是在30年中,有大约一千万的烟民早早地离开了人世。本题所问的是赞成吸烟的人的观点。而[C]选项正是吸烟支持者的观点,所以为正确答案。
27. 根据布鲁斯·艾伯茨的观点,科学可以充当
[A]保护者
[B]法官
[C]评论家
[D] 指导
细节事实题【正确答案】 [D]
文章第二段第四句中明确指出:国家科学院院长布鲁斯·艾伯茨在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点:"科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了可能得到的最好的指导......"。
28. 通过说"paralysis by analysis"(第四段最后一行),作者的意思是什么?
[A] 无止尽的研究遏制了行动。
[B] 仔细的调查反映出了事实。
[C] 过于谨慎的计划会阻碍前进的步伐。
[D] 广泛的研究有助于决策。
词汇题【正确答案】 [A]
这是一道词义题,测试考生利用上下文推测词组的意义。文章第四段的意思是:所幸的是,白宫已经开始关注此事了(即前文提到的等到有了百分之百的证据时一切都晚了)。但是,显而易见,总统顾问中的大多数人仍然没有认真对待地球变暖问题。他们不但没有制定行动计划,反而继续要求进行更多的研究--这是典型的"分析麻痹了行动"的案例。选项[A]的意思正是短语"paralysis by analysis"的意思,因此为正确选项。
29. 根据作者的观点,对于全球变暖问题,政府应该做什么?
[A] 提供援助建立更干净的发电厂。
[B] 提高公众的保护意识。
[C] 迫切要求进行深入的科学研究。
[D] 采取一些立法措施。
细节事实题【正确答案】 [D]
本题可以定位在文章最后一个自然段,此段第二、三句话的意思是:但是只有研究是不够的,如果政府不采取法律行动,国会应该开始制订保护措施。选项[D]"take some legislative measures"与文中"take the legislative initiative"意思相符,所以为正确答案。
30. 作者把全球变暖问题与吸烟问题结合起来,是因为
[A] 这两个问题都受到政府的忽视。
[B] 从吸烟问题吸取的教训适用于全球变暖问题。
[C] 吸烟问题产生的后果加剧了全球变暖问题的后果。
[D] 这两个问题都越来越严重。
细节事实题【正确答案】[B]
本题涉及第一段与文章主题之间的联系。文章第一段说吸烟的危害以及人们的漠然,无非是说明情况也存在于温室效应问题(第二段开头),作者正是希望人们从有关吸烟问题的争论给人们的警示中吸取教训,在对待地球变暖问题上不要再犯类似的错误。所以选择[B]项。

kythree 发表于 2016-8-15 23:50:45

全文精译:
还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡,而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据,科学也不确定的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了破坏我们的生活方式,而政府不应该干涉我们的生活的时候吗?许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语,结果在三十多年中,差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓。
第一段:通过美国有成千上万吸烟者过早死亡引入话题。
今天出现了与此类似的令人感到难过的事情。科学家们前仆后继,试图使我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团,他们告诉我们,地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖,而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息表明是我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长布鲁斯· 艾伯茨在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点:"科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了可能得到的最好的指导,关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时,应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。"
就像吸烟问题一样,现在来自四面八方的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整,在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏;到了有百分之百的证据的时候,可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显,并且与日俱增,一个谨慎的国家现在应该采取保险措施了。
第二到第三段:科学家再三地提醒要注意全球升温的威胁越来越大,而有相当部分人却认为关于全球变暖的研究证据不足。
幸运的是,白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划,相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究--这是一个典型的"分析过多而无法行动"的例子。
第四段:白宫开始关注没有认真看待的全球变暖问题。
为了成为地球上有责任心的一员,我们必须积极推进对于大气和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不够的。如果政府不主动采取法律措施,国会就应该帮助政府开始采取保护措施。弗吉尼亚的民主党议员罗伯特·伯德提出一项议案,从财政上激励私企,就是一个良好的开端。许多人看到这个国家正准备修建许多新的发电厂,以满足我们的能源需求。如果我们准备保护大气环境的话,关键要让这些新发电厂符合环保要求。
第五段:我们要求对大气和海洋做更深入的研究,而国会也应当帮助出台相关保护措施。
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