2014考研英语二翻译真题解析：英译汉(新东方版)
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试题来源于2009年3月26日的时代杂志，原文标题是A Primer for Pessimists原文作者是Alice
Park。今年试题与往年相比，有以下异同点：
1. 保持英语二翻译一贯的简单，依然是偶有长难句。
2. 保持英语二翻译一贯的特色，偏向生活化，谈论的都是大家所关心的生活中的问题。
3. 保持英语二翻译一贯的来源，喜欢从英美国家报刊杂志中选题，但是今年的选题文章较早，是2009年度的文章。
原文文章如下，划线部分是今年真题，出题人略有改动。
Obesity and smoking may be the most conspicuous causes of illness in this
country, but physical factors don’t account for everything. Your
psychology—namely, your personality and outlook on life—can be just as important
to your well-being as exercising and eating right. And especially these days,
with the world’s economy tumbling toward a depression, it’s a good time to
prevent yourself from slipping into one too.
An entire science has grown up around the risks of negative thinking (as
well as the power of positive psychology), and the latest findings confirm that
a pessimistic outlook not only fuels anxiety, which can put people at risk for
chronic mental illnesses like depression, but may also cause early death and set
people up for a number of minor physical illnesses, ranging from the common cold
to heart disease and immune disorders.
Optimism, meanwhile, is associated with a happier and longer life. Over the
course of a recent eight-year study, University of Pittsburgh researchers found
that optimistic women lived longer than pessimistic ones. Which may be good news
for the active people out there, but what about the rest of us who aren’t always
so cheerful? Are we destined for sickness and failure? Or is it possible to
master the principles of positivity the same way we might learn a new hobby or
follow a recipe?
The answer from the experts seems to be yes. But it does take effort.
Seeing the sunny side doesn’t come easily.
Be an “Optimalist”
Most people would define optimism as being eternally hopeful, endlessly
happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half full. But that’s exactly the kind of
false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy
optimism means being in touch with reality,” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard
professor who taught the university’s most popular course, Positive Psychology,
from 2002 to 2008. “It certainly doesn’t mean thinking everything is great and
wonderful.”
Ben-Shahar, who is the author of Happier and The Pursuit of Perfect,
describes realistic optimists an “optimalists”—not those who believe everything
happens for the best, but those who make the best of things that happen.
In his own life, Ben-Shahar uses three optimalist exercises, which he calls
PRP. When he feels down—say, after giving a bad lecture—he grants himself
permission (P) to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a
Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction
(R). He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what
works and what doesn’t. Finally, there’s perspective (P), which involves
acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t
matter.
Studies suggest thatpeople who are able to focus on the positive aspects of
a negative event—basically, cope with failure—can protect themselves from the
physical toll of stress and anxiety. In a recent study at the University of
California, San Francisco (UCSF), scientists asked a group of women to give a
speech in front of a stone-faced audience of strangers. On the first day, all
the participants said they felt threatened, and they showed fear hormones. On
subsequent days, however, those women who had reported rebounding from a major
life crisis in the past no longer felt the same subjective threat over speaking
in public. They had learned that this negative event, too, would pass and they
would survive. “It’s a back door to the same positive state because people are
able to tolerate and accept the negative,” says Elissa Epel, one of the
psychologists involved in the study.
Accept Pain and Sadness
Being optimistic doesn’t mean shouting out sad or painful emotions. As a
clinical psychologist, Martin Seligman, who runs the Positive Psychology Center
at the University of Pennsylvania, says he used to feel proud whenever he helped
depressed patients rid themselves of sadness, anxiety or anger. “I thought I
would get a happy person,” he says. “But I never did. What I got was an empty
person.” That’s what prompted him to launch the field of positive psychology,
with a groundbreaking address to the American Psychological Association in 1998.
Instead of focusing only on righting wrongs and lifting misery, he argued,
psychologists need to help patients foster good mental health through
constructive skills, like Ben-Shahar’s PRP. The idea is to teach patients to
strengthen their strengths rather than simply improve their weaknesses. “It’s
not enough to clear away the weeds,” Seligman says. “If you want roses, you have
to plant a rose.”
When a loved one dies or you lose your job, for example, it’s normal and
healthy to mourn. You’re supposed to feel sad and even depressed. But you can’t
put yourself in sadness for too long. A study by UCSF researchers of
HIV-positive men whose partners had died found that the men who allowed
themselves to grieve while also seeking to accept the death were better able to
bounce back from the tragedy. Men who focused only on the loss as opposed to,
say, viewing the death as a relief of their partner’s suffering, tended to
grieve longer, presumably because they couldn’t find a way out of their
sadness.
Smile in Your Profile Picture
If all else fails, try “catching” happiness from your friends. We are
social beings, of course, and our outlook is influenced to no small degree by
that of our friends and family.
Christakis and his colleague James Fowler at the University of California,
San Diego, are now studying happiness infection in perhaps the largest social
network of all, Facebook. They noticed that people who smiled in their Facebook
profile pictures tended to have other friends who smiled. This might simply be
peer pressure at work, with members feeling obliged to flash a smile to fit in
with the rest of the group, but Christakis and Fowler are investigating whether
there isn’t a more infectious phenomenon at work.
If you still aren’t convinced that your negative ways can ever be changed,
consider this: only about 25% of a person’s optimism cannot be changed in his
genes, according to some studies. That’s in contrast to the 40% to 60%
heritability of most other personality traits, like agreeableness and
conscientiousness. Science suggests that the greater part of an optimistic
outlook can be acquired with the right instruction—a theory borne out in a study
of college freshmen by Seligman. Pessimistic students who took a 12-week
optimism-training course devised by Seligman—which included exercises like
writing a letter of gratitude then reading it aloud to someone—were less likely
to visit the student health center for illnesses during the next four years than
their similarly pessimistic peers who weren’t tutored in positive thinking. And
a large study of more than 3,000 middle-school students who are being taught
recovery techniques is under way in England. “It’s the largest-scale validation
that optimism can be taught,” says Seligman, who developed the techniques used
in the study.
The thing about being optimistic, though, is that it takes hard work—and
that’s a drag. It’s an active process, say psychologists, through which you
force yourself to see your life a certain way. Indeed, the leading optimism and
happiness experts consider themselves born pessimists. But if they have learned
over time and with lots of practice to become more hopeful, take heart. So can
you
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